Genesis 1
Comments |
The message of Genesis is a story meant to express that the universe has a common omnipotent creator which is the source of all laws and life found within the Law of Nature and Nature's God. |
And there is a subtle independent singular invisible force that is behind the formation of things in the material world from which universal laws and order is derived. That pre-primal creative and designing force is identified as a separate or Holy Spirit and is not subject to the physical world but the physical world is subject to it. |
The first time the letter MEM appears as to its meaning in the Hebrew bible is in the word ‘waters’ but Hebrew is full of metaphors and allegories. The water in verse 2 is not the seas and lakes and rivers of H2O for they and the earth were not yet formed. But they were like the water we would see as the earth was formed. |
Verse 3-5 is not a detailed scientific analysis of light as a wave or particle but there is light and the absence of light which is darkness. There is a sun and a moon which are both a part of the plan for life. |
The phrase "evening and the morning" has been interpreted to mean that each of these events occurred in a single day. It could mean that but I am often amazed how a seven day creation is strictly accepted but statements by Jesus are often ignored concerning calling no man "Father", not being like governments that "exercise authority", eating the "dainties" of rulers, or biting one another, and disregard the warnings of the apostles including covetous practices, becoming the workers of iniquity that returns to the bondage of Egypt. Have the people repented and are they seeking the Kingdom of God? |
Man made ruler over creations. There are many words that can be translated into the word rule like radah[1] but in V26 ReishDaletHey appears as VavYodReishDaletVav & in V28 we see VavReishDaletVav translated dominion[1] or shalat[2] or shalliyt [3] |
We see Radah in Leviticus 25:43 "Thou shalt not rule <07287> over him with rigour; but shalt fear thy God." This dominion or authority of men to rule over men was not given by God. |
V16 & V18The words mashal and memshalah or ləmemšeleṯ are the words we find translated rule.[4] The root letters are [לשׁמ] Mem Shin Lamed but appears as לְמֶמְשֶׁ֣לֶת lə-mem-še-leṯ LamedMemMemShinLamedTav which includes a Double_Mem. |
V16 & V18 They do not mean rule as we think or use the word rule. The same letters are also translated like and proverb and speak[5] Ultimately they "rule" or "speak" with light. Light has always been equated with truth, revelation and Christ. |
V26 & V27 Made "in Our image" is from tselem[6] which appears in different forms such as bə·ṣe·lem, bə·ṣal·mōw, and bə·ṣal·mê·nū BeitTzad ikLamedMemNunVav |
V28 The term replenish[7] is the same as that word used in Genesis 1:22 Seen again in Genesis 6 but as וַתִּמָּלֵ֥א wat-tim-mā-lê VavTavMemLamedAlef Genesis 6:11 "The earth also was corrupt before God, and the earth was filled <04390> with violence.[8]" |
V29 & V30 There is meat for men but not the deceitful meats of rulers. |
V31Again focusing on the 6 days is like focusing on the ritual rather than righteousness. It is an unmooring of the meaning from the metaphor. God gave us dominion to rule over a portion of creation according to the "righteousness of the God" and the Law of Nature. In the account of creation God has endowed upon mankind a dominion but has not granted an endowed right to rule one over the other. |
1 |
The Creation of the World
1 In the beginning[9] God[10] created the heaven[11] and the earth[12].
2 And the earth was without form, and void; and darkness was upon the face of the deep. And the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters.
Light
3 And God said, Let there be light: and there was light.[13]
4 And God saw the light, that it was good: and God divided the light from the darkness.
5 And God called the light Day, and the darkness he called Night. And the evening and the morning were the first day.
Divide firmament
6 And God said, Let there be a firmament in the midst of the waters, and let it divide the waters from the waters.
7 And God made the firmament, and divided the waters which were under the firmament from the waters which were above the firmament: and it was so.
8 And God called the firmament Heaven. And the evening and the morning were the second day.
Dry land
9 And God said, Let the waters under the heaven be gathered together unto one place, and let the dry land appear: and it was so.
10 And God called the dry land Earth; and the gathering together of the waters called he Seas: and God saw that it was good.
earth brings forth
11 And God said, Let the earth bring forth grass, the herb yielding seed, and the fruit tree yielding fruit after his kind, whose seed is in itself, upon the earth: and it was so.
12 And the earth brought forth grass, and herb yielding seed after his kind, and the tree yielding fruit, whose seed was in itself, after his kind: and God saw that it was good.
13 And the evening and the morning were the third day.
Light
14 And God said, Let there be lights in the firmament of the heaven to divide the day from the night; and let them be for signs, and for seasons, and for days, and years:
15 And let them be for lights in the firmament of the heaven to give light upon the earth: and it was so.
16 And God made two great lights; the greater light to rule the day, and the lesser light to rule[4] the night: he made the stars also.
17 And God set them in the firmament of the heaven to give light upon the earth,
18 And to rule[14] over the day and over the night, and to divide the light[15] from the darkness: and God saw that it was good.
19 And the evening and the morning were the fourth day.
moving creatures
20 And God said, Let the waters bring forth abundantly the moving creature that hath life, and fowl that may fly above the earth in the open firmament of heaven.
21 And God created great whales, and every living creature that moveth, which the waters brought forth abundantly, after their kind, and every winged fowl after his kind: and God saw that it was good.
22 And God blessed them, saying, Be fruitful, and multiply, and fill[7] the waters in the seas, and let fowl multiply in the earth.
23 And the evening and the morning were the fifth day.
24 And God said, Let the earth bring forth the living creature after his kind, cattle, and creeping thing, and beast[16] [17] of the earth after his kind: and it was so.
25 And God made the beast of the earth after his kind, and cattle after their kind, and every thing that creepeth upon the earth after his kind: and God saw that it was good.
Man given dominion
26 And God said, Let us make man[18] in our image[6], after our likeness: and let them have dominion[1] over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over the cattle, and over all the earth, and over every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth.
27 So God created man in his own image[6], in the image of God created he him; male and female created he them.
28 And God blessed them, and God said unto them, Be fruitful, and multiply, and replenish[7] the earth, and subdue it: and have dominion[1] over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over every living thing[17] that moveth upon the earth.
Meat
29 And God said, Behold, I have given you every herb bearing seed, which is upon the face of all the earth, and every tree, in the which is the fruit of a tree yielding seed; to you it shall be for meat.
30 And to every beast of the earth, and to every fowl of the air, and to every thing that creepeth upon the earth, wherein there is life, I have given every green herb for meat: and it was so.
31 And God saw every thing that he had made, and, behold, it was very good. And the evening and the morning were the sixth day.
Genesis | Genesis 1 | Genesis 2 | Genesis 3 | Genesis 4 | Genesis 5 | Genesis 6 | Genesis 7 | Genesis 8 | Genesis 9 | Genesis 10 | Genesis 11 | Genesis 12 | Genesis 13 | Genesis 14 | Genesis 15 | Genesis 16 | Genesis 17 | Genesis 18 | Genesis 19 | Genesis 20 | Genesis 21 | Genesis 22 | Genesis 23 | Genesis 24 | Genesis 25 | Genesis 26 | Genesis 27 | Genesis 28 | Genesis 29 | Genesis 30 | Genesis 31 | Genesis 32 | Genesis 33 | Genesis 34 | Genesis 35 | Genesis 36 | Genesis 37 | Genesis 38 | Genesis 39 | Genesis 40 | Genesis 41 | Genesis 42 | Genesis 43 | Genesis 44 | Genesis 45 | Genesis 46 | Genesis 47 | Genesis 48 | Genesis 49 | Genesis 50 |
Preceded by: None - Followed by: Exodus
Audio and Video Archives
2024 |
2023 |
2022 |
2021 |
2020 |
2019 |
2018 |
2017 |
2016 |
2015 |
2014 |
2013 |
2012 |
2011 |
2010 |
Misc |
AllAud |
Broadcasts |
Books |
Bible |
Videos |
YouTube
Keys of the Kingdom Audio Archive
Bible |
Bible Index |
Bible References |
Biblical bunch |
Sophistry |
Modern Christians |
Whosoever believeth |
Religion |
Bible_terms |
Early non Bible authors
Athenagoras of Athens | Methodius of Olympus | Theophilus or Ignatius of Antioch
Hippolytus of Rome | Justin the Martyr | Jerome | Augustine of Hippo |
Epistle of Mathetes | Gospel of James | The Gospel of Thomas |
Philo Judaeus or Philo of Alexandria and The Allegories of the Sacred Laws
Polybius | Plutarch | Seneca | Tacitus | Suetonius |
Marcus Tullius Cicero | Celsus | Diotrephes |
People in the Bible
Paul the Apostle |
Melchizedek |
Moses |
Cain |
Caesar |
Herod |
Jesus |
John the Baptist |
Matthew |
Mark |
Luke |
John |
Nimrod |
Abraham |
Essenes |
Pharisees |
Sadducees |
Zealots |
Julius Caesar | Augustus Caesar | Tiberius | Nero |
Historical People
Buddha |
Constantine |
Eusebius |
Ambrose |
Augustine of Canterbury |
Lady Godiva |
Vespian |
Diocletian |
Manichaeism |
John Wycliffe |
If you need help:
- Or want to help others:
Join The Living Network of The Companies of Ten
The Living Network |
Join Local group |
About |
Purpose |
Guidelines |
Network Removal
Contact Minister |
Fractal Network |
Audacity of Hope |
Network Links
Footnotes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 07287 ^הדר^ ReishDaletHey radah \@raw-daw’\@ a primitive root; v; AV-rule 13, dominion 9, take 2, prevaileth 1, reign 1, ruler 1; 27
- 1) to rule, have dominion, dominate, tread down
- 1a) (Qal) to have dominion, rule, subjugate
- 1b) (Hiphil) to cause to dominate
- 2) to scrape out
- 2a) (Qal) to scrape, scrape out
- ר Reish Process of Clarification The "head" or "beginning". Life's revelation. [Head... Person head highest] (Numeric value: 200)
- ד Dalet Selflessness – Charity, back and forth or through a door or pathway, to enter like a fish (Numeric value: 4)
- ה Hey Expression, Thought, Speech, Action. Manifest seeds of thought and life. [Emphasize, jubilation, window, fence] (Numeric value: 5) Cite error: Invalid
<ref>
tag; name "radah" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid<ref>
tag; name "radah" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid<ref>
tag; name "radah" defined multiple times with different content
- 1) to rule, have dominion, dominate, tread down
- ↑ 07980 ^טלשׁ^ shalat \@shaw-lat’\@ a primitive root; v; AV-rule 4, give power 3, dominion 1; 8
- 1) to domineer, exercise power over, dominate, have mastery, be master, lord it over
- 1a) (Qal) to domineer, lord it over, become master
- 1b) (Hiphil) 1b1) to give power of
- 1b2) to get mastery of
- 1) to domineer, exercise power over, dominate, have mastery, be master, lord it over
- ↑ 07990 ^טילשׁ^ ShinLamedYodTet shalliyt (Aramaic) \@shal-leet’\@ corresponding to 07989; adj; AV-rule 6, ruler 2, captain 1, lawful 1; 10
- 1) having mastery, having authority, ruling
- 1a) having or exercising mastery, ruling
- 1b) ruler (subst)
- 1c) having authority
- 1c1) it is authorise
- ש Shin Eternal Flame of Spiritual Revelation, bound to the coal of righteousness, the Divine Essence. [sun... teeth... consume destroy] (Numeric value: 300)
- ל Lamed means Aspiration of the Heart or to learn or even direct like a shepherd. It has to do with what the Hand produces, [hand is די YodDalet] or directs with staff, whip... like the tongue may direct. (Numeric value: 30)
- י Yod The Infinite Point of essential good. Divine spark hidden in the ט Tet. Spark of spirit. [closed hand... Deed, work, to make] (Numeric value: 10)
- ט Tet Introversion - The Concealed power of good or paradoxically evil [to twist a snake... wheel To surround (gestation)] (Numeric value: 9)
- 1) having mastery, having authority, ruling
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 04475 ^הלשׁממ^ MemShinLamed memshalah \@mem-shaw-law’\@ from 04474 dominion; n f; AV-dominion 10, rule 4, dominion + 03027 1, government 1, power 1; 17
- 1) rule, dominion, realm
- 1a) rule, dominion, realm, domain
- 1b) rule 1c) rule, dominion (of God)
- מ ם Mem Fountain of water, a flow, a fountain of the Divine Wisdom [massive, overpower chaos] (Numeric value: 40)
- ש Shin Eternal Flame of Spiritual Revelation, bound to the coal of righteousness, the Divine Essence. [sun... teeth... consume destroy] (Numeric value: 300)
- ל Lamed means Aspiration of the Heart or to learn or even direct like a shepherd. It has to do with what the Hand produces, [hand is די YodDalet] or directs with staff, whip... like the tongue may direct. (Numeric value: 30)
- 1) rule, dominion, realm
- ↑ 04911 ^לשׁמ^ MemShinLamed mashal \@maw-shal’\@ denominative from 04912 ; v; AV-like 5, proverb 4, speak 2, use 2, become 1, compare 1, utter 1; 16
- 1) to represent, liken, be like
- 1a) (Niphal) to liken, be like, be similar
- 1b) (Hiphil) to compare
- 1c) (Hithpael) to become like
- 2) to speak in a proverb, use a proverb, speak in parables, speak in sentences of poetry
- 2a) (Qal) to use a proverb, speak a parable or proverb
- 2b) (Piel) to make a parable 2b1) maker of parables (participle)
- מ ם Mem Fountain of water, a flow, a fountain of the Divine Wisdom [massive, overpower chaos] (Numeric value: 40)
- ש Shin Eternal Flame of Spiritual Revelation, bound to the coal of righteousness, the Divine Essence. [sun... teeth... consume destroy] (Numeric value: 300)
- ל Lamed means Aspiration of the Heart or to learn or even direct like a shepherd. It has to do with what the Hand produces, [hand is די YodDalet] or directs with staff, whip... like the tongue may direct. (Numeric value: 30)
- 1) to represent, liken, be like
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 06754 צֶלֶם TzadikLamedMem tselem [tseh’-lem] from an unused root meaning to shade; n m; [BDB-853b] [{See TWOT on 1923 @@ "1923a" }] AV-image 16, vain shew 1; 17
- 1) image
- 1a) images (of tumours, mice, heathen gods)
- 1b) image, likeness (of resemblance)
- 1c) mere, empty, image, semblance (fig.)
- צ ץ Tzadik is always related to The Faith of the Righteous One, the foundation of the word "to hunt" or Harvest even eat or desire. [Harvest, pant, desire] (Numeric value: 90)
- ל Lamed means Aspiration of the Heart or to learn or even direct like a shepherd. It has to do with what the Hand produces, [hand is די YodDalet] or directs with staff, whip... like the tongue may direct. (Numeric value: 30)
- מ ם Mem Fountain of water, a flow, a fountain of the Divine Wisdom [massive, overpower chaos] (Numeric value: 40)
- 1) image
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Fill in V22 and replenish in V28 VavMemLamedAlefVav
04390 מָלֵא MemLamedAlef male’ [maw-lay’] or מלא mala’ (#Es 7:5) [maw-law’] a primitive root; v; [BDB-569b] [{See TWOT on 1195 }] AV-fill 108, full 48, fulfil 28, consecrate 15, accomplish 7, replenish 7, wholly 6, set 6, expired 3, fully 2, gather 2, overflow 2, satisfy 2, misc 14; 250- 1) to fill, be full
- 1a) (Qal)
- 1a1) to be full
- 1a1a) fulness, abundance (participle)
- 1a1b) to be full, be accomplished, be ended
- 1a2) to consecrate, fill the hand
- 1a1) to be full
- 1b) (Niphal)
- 1b1) to be filled, be armed, be satisfied
- 1b2) to be accomplished, be ended
- 1c) (Piel)
- 1c1) to fill
- 1c2) to satisfy
- 1c3) to fulfil, accomplish, complete
- 1c4) to confirm
- 1d) (Pual) to be filled
- 1e) (Hithpael) to mass themselves against
- 1a) (Qal)
- מ ם Mem Fountain of water, a flow, a fountain of the Divine Wisdom [massive, overpower chaos] (Numeric value: 40)
- ל Lamed means Aspiration of the Heart or to learn or even direct like a shepherd. It has to do with what the Hand produces, [hand is די YodDalet] or directs with staff, whip... like the tongue may direct. (Numeric value: 30)
- א Alef Father-Son- begin- The Paradox: God and Man - (ox bull) [strength, leader, first] (Numeric value: 1)
- 1) to fill, be full
- ↑ 02555 חָמָס chamac [khaw-mawce’] from 02554; n m; [BDB-329b] [{See TWOT on 678 @@ "678a" }]
AV-violence 39, violent 7, cruelty 4, wrong 3, false 2, cruel 1, damage 1, injustice 1, oppressor + 0376(man) 1, unrighteous 1; 60
- 1) violence, wrong, cruelty, injustice
- ↑ Includes the letter BeitReishAlefShinYodTav Which we do not see again until Jeremiah 26:1
07225 רֵאשִׁית ReishAlefShinYodTav re’shiyth [ray-sheeth’] from the same as 07218 head, beginning; n f; [BDB-912a] [{See TWOT on 2097 @@ "2097e" }] AV-beginning 18, firstfruits 11, first 9, chief 8, misc 5; 51- 1) first, beginning, best, chief
- 1a) beginning
- 1b) first
- 1c) chief
- 1d) choice part
- 1) first, beginning, best, chief
- ↑ 0430 םיהלא AlefLamedHeyYodMem ‘elohiym el-o-heem’ plural of 0433; n m p; {See TWOT on 93 @@ "93c" } AV-God 2346, god 244, judge 5, GOD 1, goddess 2, great 2, mighty 2, angels 1, exceeding 1, God-ward + 04136 1, godly 1; 2606
- 1) (plural)
- 1a) rulers, judges
- 1b) divine ones
- 1c) angels
- 1d) gods
- 2) (plural intensive-singular meaning)
- 2a) god, goddess
- 2b) godlike one
- 2c) works or special possessions of God
- 2d) the (true) God
- 2e) God
- א Alef Father-Son- begin- The Paradox: God and Man - (ox bull) [strength, leader, first] (Numeric value: 1)
- ל Lamed means Aspiration of the Heart or to learn or even direct like a shepherd. It has to do with what the Hand produces, [hand is די YodDalet] or directs with staff, whip... like the tongue may direct. (Numeric value: 30)
- ה Hey Expression, Thought, Speech, Action. Manifest seeds of thought and life. [Emphasize, jubilation, window, fence] (Numeric value: 5)
- י Yod The Infinite Point of essential good. Divine spark hidden in the ט Tet. Spark of spirit. [closed hand... Deed, work, to make] (Numeric value: 10)
- מ ם Mem Fountain of water, a flow, a fountain of the Divine Wisdom [massive, overpower chaos] (Numeric value: 40)
- See also 03068 יְהוָֹה Yëhovah and 0136 אֲדֹנָי ‘Adonay Genesis 15:2
- 1) (plural)
- ↑ HeyShinMemYodMem
08064 שָׁמַיִם ShinMemYodMem shamayim [shaw-mah’-yim] dual of an unused singular שׁמה ShinMemHey shameh [shaw-meh’] from an unused root meaning to be lofty; n m p du; [BDB-1029b] [{See TWOT on 2407 @@ "2407a" }] AV-heaven 398, air 21, astrologers + 01895 1; 420- 1) heaven, heavens, sky
- 1a) visible heavens, sky
- 1a1) as abode of the stars
- 1a2) as the visible universe, the sky, atmosphere, etc
- 1b) Heaven (as the abode of God)
- 1a) visible heavens, sky
- ש Shin Eternal Flame of Spiritual Revelation, bound to the coal of righteousness, the Divine Essence. [sun... teeth... consume destroy] (Numeric value: 300)
- מ ם Mem Fountain of water, a flow, a fountain of the Divine Wisdom [massive, overpower chaos] (Numeric value: 40)
- י Yod The Infinite Point of essential good. Divine spark hidden in the ט Tet. Spark of spirit. [closed hand... Deed, work, to make] (Numeric value: 10)
- מ ם Mem Fountain of water, a flow, a fountain of the Divine Wisdom [massive, overpower chaos] (Numeric value: 40)
- 1) heaven, heavens, sky
- ↑ 0776 אֶרֶץ ‘erets [eh’-rets] from an unused root probably meaning to be firm; n f; [BDB-75b] [{See TWOT on 167 }]
AV-land 1543, earth 712, country 140, ground 98, world 4, way 3, common 1, field 1, nations 1, wilderness + 04057 1; 2504
- 1) land, earth
- 1a) earth
- 1a1) whole earth (as opposed to a part)
- 1a2) earth (as opposed to heaven)
- 1a3) earth (inhabitants)
- 1b) land
- 1b1) country, territory
- 1b2) district, region
- 1b3) tribal territory
- 1b4) piece of ground
- 1b5) land of Canaan, Israel
- 1b6) inhabitants of land
- 1b7) city (-state)
- 1b8) the abode of the dead
- 1c) ground, surface of the earth
- 1c1) ground
- 1c2) soil
- 1d) (in phrases)
- 1d1) people of the land
- 1d2) space or distance of country (in measurements of distance)
- 1d3) level or plain country
- 1d4) land of the living
- 1d5) end(s) of the earth
- 1e) (almost wholly late in usage)
- 1e1) lands, countries
- 1e1a) often in contrast to Canaan
- 1e1) lands, countries
- 1a) earth
- 1) land, earth
- ↑ The presence of the Vav may transform the past into future or future to past in reference to the syntax like changing “it was” to mean “it will be”. This means we can alter "Let there be light" [Yehi] if we place a Vav in front [vayehi] which will suggest the meaning of "There was light".
- ↑ 04910 ^לשׁמ^ mashal \@maw-shal’\@ a primitive root; v; AV-rule 38, ruler 19, reign 8, dominion 7, governor 4, ruled over 2, power 2, indeed 1; 81
- 1) to rule, have dominion, reign
- 1a) (Qal) to rule, have dominion
- 1b) (Hiphil)
- 1b1) to cause to rule
- 1b2) to exercise dominion
- 1) to rule, have dominion, reign
- ↑ Light of World
- Genesis 1:18 “And to rule over the day and over the night, and to divide the light from the darkness: and God saw that it was good.”
- Proverbs 13:9 “The light of the righteous rejoiceth: but the lamp of the wicked shall be put out.”
- Luke 1:79 “To give light to them that sit in darkness and in the shadow of death, to guide our feet into the way of peace.”
- John 3:20-21 “For every one that doeth evil hateth the light, neither cometh to the light, lest his deeds should be reproved. 21 But he that doeth truth cometh to the light, that his deeds may be made manifest, that they are wrought in God.”
- John 8:12 “Then spake Jesus again unto them, saying, I am the light of the world: he that followeth me shall not walk in darkness, but shall have the light of life.”
- John 12:46-47 “I am come a light into the world, that whosoever believeth on me should not abide in darkness. 47 And if any man hear my words, and believe not, I judge him not: for I came not to judge the world, but to save the world.”
- ↑ In the text we see VavChetYodTavVav
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 02416 ^יח^ ChetYod chay \@khah’- ee\@ from 02421; AV-live 197, life 144, beast 76, alive 31, creature 15, running 7, living thing 6, raw 6, misc 19; 501 adj
- 1) living, alive
- 1a) green (of vegetation)
- 1b) flowing, fresh (of water)
- 1c) lively, active (of man)
- 1d) reviving (of the springtime)
- n m
- 2) relatives
- 3) life (abstract emphatic)
- 3a) life
- 3b) sustenance, maintenance
- n f
- 4) living thing, animal
- 4a) animal
- 4b) life
- 4c) appetite
- 4d) revival, renewal
- 5) community
- ח Chet The Life Force - Dynamic nature of - cause and effect - give life and live.[fence, thread, hedge, chamber...cycle] (Numeric value: 8)
- י Yod The Infinite Point of essential good. Divine spark hidden in the ט Tet. Spark of spirit. [closed hand... Deed, work, to make] (Numeric value: 10) Cite error: Invalid
<ref>
tag; name "chay16" defined multiple times with different content
- 1) living, alive
- ↑ 0120 ^םדא^ ‘adam \@aw-dawm’\@ from 0119; n m; AV-man 408, men 121, Adam 13, person(s) 8, common sort + 07230 1, hypocrite 1; 552
- 1) man, mankind
- 1a) man, human being
- 1b) man, mankind (much more frequently intended sense in OT)
- 1c) Adam, first man
- 1d) city in Jordan valley
- 1) man, mankind