Jerome

Jerome (born c. 347, Stridon, Dalmatia—died 419/420, Bethlehem, Palestine; feast day September 30), biblical translator and monastic leader, traditionally regarded as the most learned of the Latin Fathers.

Jerome was known for his teachings on Christian moral life, especially to those living in cosmopolitan centers such as Rome. He is best known for his translation of the Bible into Latin, known as the Vulgate, and his commentaries on the Gospels.

"Bishops, presbyters(Elder) and deacons occupy in the church the same positions as those which were occupied by Aaron, his sons, and the Levites in the temple." Jerome, Ep. 146

Christianity was no longer in its infancy. All the Jews who had accepted Christ at Pentecost formed a new government along the principles taught by the prophets from Abraham to John the Baptist. Constantine had turned the social welfare system of Rome over to his version of the Christian Church.

Had he fully repented?

Women

Jerome often focused his attention to the way he thought women devoted to Roman forms of Christianity should live their life. He had a close "patron" relationships with several prominent women of influential Roman and senatorial families who were said to be ascetics. Vestal Virgins (Vestales, singular Vestalis) were Roman vision of the priestesses of Vesta, a goddess of the hearth.

The College of the Vestals was fundamental to the continuance and security of Rome's system of socialized government. They were exempt from the usual social obligations to marry and bear children, and took a vow of chastity in order to devote themselves to maintaining the essential records of the Roman Temples.

Without husbands and families and their retirement secure they were not likely to take bribes. They recorded contracts, deeds, civil records that need to remain accurate without tampering.

This was not a practice of early Christianity and certainly contrary to what Paul said about women getting married if they were still of a child bearing age. In fact there is little evidence of a need or command to be celibate.

Jerome, around 400 AD, believed that women were bad news for men and that they were uncontrollable, excessively passioned, and unreasonable. Although, the writings and opinions of Jerome and others were enormously influential in defining what has been historically touted as the Church in the medieval world, their conclusions seem to fly in the face of God’s creative instincts.

“And the rib, which the LORD God had taken from man, made he a woman, and brought her unto the man.” Genesis 2:22

Jerome inferred that women were inferior “they degraded men.”^[1]

“And Adam said, This [is] now bone of my bones, and flesh of my flesh: she shall be called Woman, because she was taken out of Man. Therefore shall a man leave his father and his mother, and shall cleave unto his wife: and they shall be one flesh.” Genesis 2:23, 24

Women do not degrade men. A good woman is a blessing or a curse, depending on the heart and soul of the man. It is only weak, selfish, and proud men who blame their sin on God’s gift. The nature of women is not responsible for man’s sin and choice.

Jerome was supported by his patrons and was a part of the instant Christian conversions of the Emperor Constantine with his Edict of Milan. But was he in conformity with Christ or the early Church.

Corrupt ministers

He did speak of corrupt ministers.

In 16. In who he sees the "renunciation of the world has consisted in a change of clothes and a verbal profession, while their real life and their former habits have remained unchanged. Their property has increased rather than diminished. They still have the same servants and keep the same table. Out of cheap glasses and common earthenware they swallow gold."

"But now persons who profess religion are not ashamed to seek unjust profits and the good name of Christianity is more often a cloak for fraud than a victim to it. I am ashamed to say it, yet it must be said — we are at least bound to blush for our infamy— while in public we hold out our hands for alms we conceal gold beneath our rags; and to the amazement of every one after living as poor men we die rich and with our purses well-filled."^[2]

If they were gathered in tens with ten elders picking the best minister of service to attend to the daily ministration of the people,

If they had attended to the care of the needy through pure Religion unpotted by the world,

If The ministers of the church of Constantine did not accept the leaven he bestowed on his church,

If they had summarily rejected the dainties of rulers of men like Constantine then much of this subterfuge would not go unrevealed.

Then the people may not have been cursed by the hypocrisy of blind guides^[3]

Because the converts at Milan did not repent of their covetous practices of eating at the table of rulers the elder's own conscience remained seared.^[4]

The idea of a whole city like Milan electing a single bishop as we see in the case of Ambrose instead of the patterns of tens as Moses and Christ commanded we should know it is a recipe for hypocrisy which is corruption.^[3]

“As guardian of Constantine’s favored religion”, certain churches and bishops were, “given legal rights and large financial donations.”^[5] As early as 313 Constantine was donated to certain bishop of Rome. This included the imperial property of Lateran. There was the new cathedral, the Basilica Constantiniana (This is now called San Giovanni in Lateran). Besides grand church buildings like St. Sebastian Church and others Constantine bestowed "fiscal and legal privileges" upon clergy. Like Augustus Caesar did for the Jews certain civil immunities were granted. He suggested that religious duties of clergy should be unrestricted “…for when they are free to render supreme service to the Divinity, it is evident that they confer great benefit upon the affairs of state.”
These “financial donations”, funded by the spoils of war and compelled taxes, subjected those Churches who accepted them to the benefactors who exercise authority. Christianity and its called out ministers, known as the Church, had been guaranteed their lawful rights to exercise private religion by emperors before. Constantine did not free the Church appointed by Christ, but seduced a small portion of weak Christians and a large number of unrepentant pagans into a new form of church with a “legal status” by the offering of Constantine's “deceitful meats” and the "dainties" of his royal table which was a snare.

"When thou sittest to eat with a ruler, consider diligently what [is] before thee: And put a knife to thy throat, if thou be a man given to appetite. Be not desirous of his dainties: for they are deceitful meat. Proverbs 23:1-3

Coming to terms with Jerome

We see that Jerome, in his Epistle 146 sees the Church as taking over the role of the Levites to secure the daily ministration in the practice of Pure Religion instituted by Christ.

"Bishops, presbyters and deacons occupy in the church the same positions as those which were occupied by Aaron, his sons, and the Levites in the temple."

This was correct about the Church taking the place of the Church in the wilderness who were the Levites because the kingdom of God had been taken^[6] from those who were not bearing fruit because they abandon Moses accept in name only. We know their way of Corban was making the word of God to none effect and that was taking the name of the LORD the name of Moses in vain. He then appointed that kingdom ^[7] to other Jews who would graft in the lost sheep and the gentiles.^[8]

But Jerome's view of the organized Church began to align more with that of the Pharisees and certainly Constantine and Ambrose.

Archdeacon

Does an archdeacon have authority over deacons?

Are the terms archdeacon (Archidiaconi) or even the less common archpresbyter (Archipresbyteri) the best term to use to describe their position within the Church?

Jerome, on his Ep. 125.15 ^[9] mentions an archdeacon.

"Each church has a single bishop, a single archpresbyter, a single archdeacon^[10]; and every ecclesiastical order is subjected to its own rulers.^[11]

The more literal translation of the sentance "Singuli Ecclesiarum Episcopi, singuli Archipresbyteri, singuli Archidiaconi: et omnis ordo Ecclesiasticus suis rectoribus nititur."^[9] would be "Individual Bishops of the Churches, each Archpresbyter, each Archdeacon: and every Ecclesiastical order rests on its rulers." with "suis rectoribus(driver) nititur(relies upon)" by itself being translated "He relies on his leaders" rather than rulers.

His comparisons with nature are correct for their are leaders we see when birds migrate upon the wind but those that follow the leader choose to do so. And in nature the ducks and geese take turns at being leaders to relieve the burden of those who guide the flock.

His mention of Emperors and Romulus and Remus^[12] is certainly misplaced for we were told by Christ to not be like the governments of the other nations.^[13]

His comparison with Esau and Jacob are not a good fit either for that striving would not be in accordance with The Way of Christ.

The literal translation of the sentance "Singuli Ecclesiarum Episcopi, singuli Archipresbyteri, singuli Archidiaconi: et omnis ordo Ecclesiasticus suis rectoribus nititur." would be "Individual Bishops of the Churches, each Archpresbyter, each Archdeacon: and every Ecclesiastical order rests on its rulers." with "suis rectoribus(driver) nititur(relies upon)" by itself being translated "He relies on his leaders."

The same precepts would apply to an archbishop.

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Footnotes

↑ World Civilizations Richard Hooker http://www.wsu.edu:8080/~dee/CHRIST/EUROPE.HTM
↑ 16. But I myself have seen monks of quite a different stamp from this, men whose renunciation of the world has consisted in a change of clothes and a verbal profession, while their real life and their former habits have remained unchanged. Their property has increased rather than diminished. They still have the same servants and keep the same table. Out of cheap glasses and common earthenware they swallow gold. With servants about them in swarms they claim for themselves the name of hermits. Others who though poor think themselves discerning, walk as solemnly as pageants through the streets and do nothing but snarl at every one whom they meet. Others shrug their shoulders and croak out what is best known to themselves. While they keep their eyes fixed upon the earth, they balance swelling words upon their tongues. Only a crier is wanted to persuade you that it is his excellency the prefect who is coming along. Some too there are who from the dampness of their cells and from the severity of their fasts, from their weariness of solitude and from excessive study have a singing in their ears day and night and turn melancholy mad so as to need the poultices of Hippocrates more than exhortations from me. Great numbers are unable to break free from the crafts and trades they have previously practised. They no longer call themselves dealers but they carry on the same traffic as before; seeking for themselves not food and raiment 1 Timothy 6:8 as the apostle directs, but money-profits and these greater than are looked for by men of the world. In former days the greed of sellers was kept within bounds by the action of the Ædiles or as the Greeks call them market-inspectors, and men could not then cheat with impunity. But now persons who profess religion are not ashamed to seek unjust profits and the good name of Christianity is more often a cloak for fraud than a victim to it. I am ashamed to say it, yet it must be said — we are at least bound to blush for our infamy— while in public we hold out our hands for alms we conceal gold beneath our rags; and to the amazement of every one after living as poor men we die rich and with our purses well-filled. https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/3001125.htm
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Hypocrisy of the profane
Job 15:34 "For the congregation of hypocrites<02611> [shall be] desolate, and fire shall consume the tabernacles of bribery. 35 They conceive mischief<labor>, and bring forth vanity, and their belly prepareth deceit."

Job 34:30 That the hypocrite reign not, lest the people be ensnared.

Proverbs 11:9 An hypocrite with [his] mouth destroyeth his neighbour: but through knowledge shall the just be delivered.

Matthew 15:7 "[Ye] hypocrites, well did Esaias prophesy of you, saying, 8 This people draweth nigh unto me with their mouth, and honoureth me with [their] lips; but their heart is far from me. 9 But in vain they do worship me, teaching [for] doctrines the commandments of men."

Matthew 23:13 But woe unto you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! for ye shut up the kingdom of heaven against men: for ye neither go in [yourselves], neither suffer ye them that are entering to go in. 14 Woe unto you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! for ye devour widows’ houses, and for a pretence make long prayer: therefore ye shall receive the greater damnation. 15 Woe unto you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! for ye compass sea and land to make one proselyte, and when he is made, ye make him twofold more the child of hell than yourselves. 16 Woe unto you, [ye] blind guides,... 19 [Ye] fools and blind: ... 23 Woe unto you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! for ye pay tithe of mint and anise and cummin, and have omitted the weightier (matters) of the law, judgment, mercy, and faith: these ought ye to have done, and not to leave the other undone. 24 [Ye] blind guides, which strain at a gnat, and swallow a camel. 25 Woe unto you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! for ye make clean the outside of the cup and of the platter, but within they are full of extortion and excess.

Matthew 23:27 Woe unto you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! for ye are like unto whited sepulchres, which indeed appear beautiful outward, but are within full of dead [men’s] bones, and of all uncleanness. Even so ye also outwardly appear righteous unto men, but within ye are full of hypocrisy and iniquity. 29 Woe unto you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! because ye build the tombs of the prophets, and garnish the sepulchres of the righteous,"

1 Timothy 4:2 Speaking lies in hypocrisy; having their conscience seared with a hot iron;
↑ A conscience seared
1 Timothy 4:1 "Now the Spirit speaketh expressly, that in the latter times some shall depart from the faith, giving heed to seducing spirits, and doctrines of devils;2 Speaking lies in hypocrisy; having their conscience seared with a hot iron;...12 Let no man despise thy youth; but be thou an example of the believers, in word, in conversation, in charity, in spirit, in faith, in purity.

Jeremiah 5:21 "Hear now this, O foolish people, and without understanding; which have eyes, and see not; which have ears, and hear not:"

Matthew 7:15 ¶ "Beware of false prophets, which come to you in sheep’s clothing, but inwardly they are ravening wolves."

Matthew 24:24 "For there shall arise false Christs, and false prophets, and shall shew great signs and wonders; insomuch that, if [it were] possible, they shall deceive the very elect."

[2 Peter 2]]:1 "But there were false prophets also among the people, even as there shall be false teachers among you, who privily shall bring in damnable heresies, even denying the Lord that bought them, and bring upon themselves swift destruction. 2 And many shall follow their pernicious ways; by reason of whom the way of truth shall be evil spoken of. 3 ¶ And through covetousness shall they with feigned words make merchandise of you: whose judgment now of a long time lingereth not, and their damnation slumbereth not. :

2 Timothy 3:1 "This know also, that in the last days perilous times shall come. 2 For men shall be lovers of their own selves, covetous, boasters, proud, blasphemers, disobedient to parents, unthankful, unholy, 3 Without natural affection, trucebreakers, false accusers, incontinent, fierce, despisers of those that are good, 4 Traitors, heady, highminded, lovers of pleasures more than lovers of God; 5 Having a form of godliness, but denying the power thereof: from such turn away.

Ephesians 4:17 "This I say therefore, and testify in the Lord, that ye henceforth walk not as other Gentiles walk, in the vanity of their mind, 18 Having the understanding darkened, being alienated from the life of God through the ignorance that is in them, because of the blindness of their heart: 19 Who being past feeling have given themselves over unto lasciviousness, to work all uncleanness with greediness. 20 But ye have not so learned Christ; 21 If so be that ye have heard him, and have been taught by him, as the truth is in Jesus: 22 That ye put off concerning the former conversation the old man, which is corrupt according to the deceitful lusts;
↑ Funk & Wagnalls New Encyclopedia Vol. 7 p.149
↑ Kingdom Taken
Matthew 2:6 "And thou Bethlehem, [in] the land of Juda, art not the least among the princes of Juda: for out of thee shall come a Governor(2233), that shall rule my people Israel."

Matthew 9:16 "No man putteth a piece of new cloth unto an old garment, for that which is put in to fill it up taketh from the garment, and the rent is made worse. 17 Neither do men put new wine into old bottles: else the bottles break, and the wine runneth out, and the bottles perish: but they put new wine into new bottles, and both are preserved." Jesus did not just reform the kingdom.

Matthew 21:43 "Therefore say I unto you, The kingdom of God shall be taken from you, and given to a nation bringing forth the fruits thereof." Jesus would take it as priest and king.
Luke 13:9 "And if it bear fruit, [well]: and if not, [then] after that thou shalt cut it down." The Corbans of the world were covetous practices

John 19:15...19 "But they cried out, Away with [him], away with [him], crucify him. Pilate saith unto them, Shall I crucify your King? The chief priests answered, We have no king but Caesar." The kingdom taken by the words of their own mouth.

John 15:4 "Abide in me, and I in you. As the branch cannot bear fruit of itself, except it abide in the vine; no more can ye, except ye abide in me." The people must seek The Way.

John 15:8 "Herein is my Father glorified, that ye bear much fruit; so shall ye be my disciples."

Luke 12:32 "Fear not, little flock; for it is your Father’s good pleasure to give you the kingdom."

Luke 22:29 "And I appoint unto you a kingdom, as my Father hath appointed unto me;"

Mark 15:26 And the superscription of his accusation was written over, THE KING OF THE JEWS."

Acts 17:7 "Whom Jason hath received: and these all do contrary to the decrees of Caesar, saying that there is another king, one Jesus."

1 Peter 2:9 "But ye [are] a chosen generation, a royal priesthood, an holy nation, a peculiar people; that ye should shew forth the praises of him who hath called you out of darkness into his marvellous light:"

See Taking and Giving the Kingdom
↑ Appoint a kingdom
Matthew 21:43 "Therefore say I unto you, The kingdom of God shall be taken from you, and given to a nation bringing forth the fruits thereof."

Luke 12:32 "Fear not, little flock; for it is your Father’s good pleasure to give you the kingdom."

Luke 22:29 "And I appoint unto you a kingdom, as my Father hath appointed unto me;"

John 19:15 But they cried out, Away with [him], away with [him], crucify him. Pilate saith unto them, Shall I crucify your King? The chief priests answered, We have no king but Caesar.
↑ Gentiles of faith grafted
Matthew 28:19 "Go ye therefore, and teach all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost:"

Mark 16:15 "And he said unto them, Go ye into all the world, and preach the gospel to every creature."

Mark 16:16 "He that believeth and is baptized shall be saved; but he that believeth not shall be damned."

Micah 5:8 " And the remnant of Jacob shall be among the Gentiles in the midst of many people as a lion among the beasts of the forest, as a young lion among the flocks of sheep: who, if he go through, both treadeth down, and teareth in pieces, and none can deliver."

Acts 9:15 "But the Lord said unto him, Go thy way: for he is a chosen vessel unto me, to bear my name before the Gentiles, and kings, and the children of Israel:"

Acts 10:45 "And they of the circumcision which believed were astonished, as many as came with Peter, because that on the Gentiles also was poured out the gift of the Holy Ghost."

Acts 18:6 "And when they opposed themselves, and blasphemed, he shook [his] raiment, and said unto them, Your blood [be] upon your own heads; I [am] clean: from henceforth I will go unto the Gentiles."

1 Corinthians 12:13 "For by one Spirit are we all baptized into one body, whether [we be] Jews or Gentiles, whether [we be] bond or free; and have been all made to drink into one Spirit. 14 For the body is not one member, but many."

Romans 1:16 "For I am not ashamed of the gospel of Christ: for it is the power of God unto salvation to every one that believeth; to the Jew first, and also to the Greek."

Romans 3:29 "[Is he] the God of the Jews only? [is he] not also of the Gentiles? Yes, of the Gentiles also:"

Romans 9:24 "Even us, whom he hath called, not of the Jews only, but also of the Gentiles?"

Romans 11:13 "For I speak to you Gentiles, inasmuch as I am the apostle of the Gentiles, I magnify mine office:"

Romans 15:12 "And again, Esaias saith, There shall be a root of Jesse, and he that shall rise to reign over the Gentiles; in him shall the Gentiles trust.... 16 That I should be the minister of Jesus Christ to the Gentiles, ministering the gospel of God, that the offering up of the Gentiles might be acceptable, being sanctified by the Holy Ghost."
↑ ^9.0 ^9.1 "Latin: Epistola CXXVI, Ad Marcellinum et Anapsychiam" xv (sec. 15.) "Nulla ars absque magistro discitur. Etiam muta animalia, et ferarum greges, ductores sequuntur suos. In apibus principes sunt: grues unam sequuntur ordine litterato. Imperator unus: Judex unus provinciae. Roma ut condita est, duos fratres simul habere reges non potuit, et parricidio dedicatur. Iu Rebeccae utero, Esau, et Jacob bella gesserunt (Gen. 25. 22). Singuli Ecclesiarum Episcopi, singuli Archipresbyteri, singuli Archidiaconi: et omnis ordo Ecclesiasticus suis rectoribus nititur. In navi unus gubernator: in domo unus Dominus: in quamvis grandi exercitu, unius signum expectatur. Et ne plura replicando fastidium legenti faciam, per haec omnia ad illud tendit oratio; ut doceam te, non tuo arbitrio dimittendum, sed vivere debere in monasterio sub unius disciplina Patris, consortioque multorum, ut ab alio discas humilitatem, ab alio patientiam: hic te silentium, ille doceat mansuetudinem. Non facias quod vis, comedas quod juberis, vestiare quod acceperis, operis tui pensum persolvas, subjiciaris cui non vis, lassus ad stratum venias, ambulansque dormites, et necdum [al. nec demum] expleto somno, surgere compellaris. Dicas Psalmum in ordine tuo; IN QUO NON dulcedo vocis, sed mentis affectus quaeritur, dicente Apostolo: Psallam spiritu, psallam et mente (1. Cor. 14. 15): Et, Cantantes in cordibus vestris Domino. Legerat enim esse praeceptum, Psallite sapienter. Servias fratribus, hospitum laves pedes; passus injuriam taceas; Praepositum monasterii timeas ut dominum, diligas ut parentem. Credas tibi salutare quidquid ille praeceperit; nec de majorum sententia judices, cujus officii est obedire, et implere quae jussa sunt, dicente Moyse: Audi Israel, et tace (Deut. 27. 9. juxta LXX). Tantis negotiis occupatus, nullis vacabis cogitationibus, et dum ab alio transis ad aliud, opusque succedit operi, illud solum mente tenebis, quod agere compelleris." http://www.patrologia-lib.ru/patrolog/hieronym/epist/epist04.htm
↑ An archdeacon, in the Christian church during the European Middle Ages was the chief deacon at the bishop's own church;
↑ "No art is ever learned without a master. Even dumb animals and wild herds follow leaders of their own. Bees have princes, and cranes fly after one of their number in the shape of a Y. There is but one emperor and each province has but one judge. Rome was founded by two brothers, but, as it could not have two kings at once, was inaugurated by an act of fratricide. So too Esau and Jacob strove in Rebekah's womb. Genesis 25:22. Each church has a single bishop, a single archpresbyter, a single archdeacon; and every ecclesiastical order is subjected to its own rulers. A ship has but one pilot, a house but one master, and the largest army moves at the command of one man. That I may not tire you by heaping up instances, my drift is simply this. Do not rely on your own discretion, but live in a monastery. For there, while you will be under the control of one father, you will have many companions; and these will teach you, one humility, another patience, a third silence, and a fourth meekness. You will do as others wish; you will eat what you are told to eat; you will wear what clothes are given you; you will perform the task allotted to you; you will obey one whom you do not like, you will come to bed tired out; you will go to sleep on your feet and you will be forced to rise before you have had sufficient rest. When your turn comes, you will recite the psalms, a task which requires not a well modulated voice but genuine emotion: The apostle says: I will pray with the spirit and I will pray with the understanding also, 1 Corinthians 14:15 and to the Ephesians, make melody in your hearts to the Lord. Ephesians 5:19 For he had read the precept of the psalmist: Sing ye praises with understanding. You will serve the brothers, you will wash the guests' feet; if you suffer wrong you will bear it in silence; the superior of the community you will fear as a master and love as a father. Whatever he may order you to do you will believe to be wholesome for you. You will not pass judgment upon those who are placed over you, for your duty will be to obey them and to do what you are told, according to the words spoken by Moses: keep silence and hearken, O Israel. You will have so many tasks to occupy you that you will have no time for [evil] thoughts; and while you pass from one thing to another and fresh work follows work done, you will only be able to think of what you have it in charge at the moment to do." https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/3001125.htm
↑ "There is but one emperor and each province has but one judge. Rome was founded by two brothers, but, as it could not have two kings at once, was inaugurated by an act of fratricide."
↑ Not exercise authority
Matthew 20:25 "But Jesus called them unto him, and said, Ye know that the princes of the Gentiles exercise dominion over them, and they that are great exercise authority upon them. But it shall not be so among you:..."

Mark 10:42 "But Jesus called them to him, and saith unto them, Ye know that they which are accounted to rule over the Gentiles exercise lordship over them; and their great ones exercise authority upon them. But so shall it not be among you:..."

Luke 22:25 "And he said unto them, The kings of the Gentiles exercise lordship over them; and they that exercise authority upon them are called benefactors. But ye [shall] not [be] so:..."

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[1] World Civilizations Richard Hooker http://www.wsu.edu:8080/~dee/CHRIST/EUROPE.HTM

[2] 16. But I myself have seen monks of quite a different stamp from this, men whose renunciation of the world has consisted in a change of clothes and a verbal profession, while their real life and their former habits have remained unchanged. Their property has increased rather than diminished. They still have the same servants and keep the same table. Out of cheap glasses and common earthenware they swallow gold. With servants about them in swarms they claim for themselves the name of hermits. Others who though poor think themselves discerning, walk as solemnly as pageants through the streets and do nothing but snarl at every one whom they meet. Others shrug their shoulders and croak out what is best known to themselves. While they keep their eyes fixed upon the earth, they balance swelling words upon their tongues. Only a crier is wanted to persuade you that it is his excellency the prefect who is coming along. Some too there are who from the dampness of their cells and from the severity of their fasts, from their weariness of solitude and from excessive study have a singing in their ears day and night and turn melancholy mad so as to need the poultices of Hippocrates more than exhortations from me. Great numbers are unable to break free from the crafts and trades they have previously practised. They no longer call themselves dealers but they carry on the same traffic as before; seeking for themselves not food and raiment 1 Timothy 6:8 as the apostle directs, but money-profits and these greater than are looked for by men of the world. In former days the greed of sellers was kept within bounds by the action of the Ædiles or as the Greeks call them market-inspectors, and men could not then cheat with impunity. But now persons who profess religion are not ashamed to seek unjust profits and the good name of Christianity is more often a cloak for fraud than a victim to it. I am ashamed to say it, yet it must be said — we are at least bound to blush for our infamy— while in public we hold out our hands for alms we conceal gold beneath our rags; and to the amazement of every one after living as poor men we die rich and with our purses well-filled. https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/3001125.htm

[hypocri-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Hypocrisy of the profane
Job 15:34 "For the congregation of hypocrites<02611> [shall be] desolate, and fire shall consume the tabernacles of bribery. 35 They conceive mischief<labor>, and bring forth vanity, and their belly prepareth deceit."

Job 34:30 That the hypocrite reign not, lest the people be ensnared.

Proverbs 11:9 An hypocrite with [his] mouth destroyeth his neighbour: but through knowledge shall the just be delivered.

Matthew 15:7 "[Ye] hypocrites, well did Esaias prophesy of you, saying, 8 This people draweth nigh unto me with their mouth, and honoureth me with [their] lips; but their heart is far from me. 9 But in vain they do worship me, teaching [for] doctrines the commandments of men."

Matthew 23:13 But woe unto you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! for ye shut up the kingdom of heaven against men: for ye neither go in [yourselves], neither suffer ye them that are entering to go in. 14 Woe unto you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! for ye devour widows’ houses, and for a pretence make long prayer: therefore ye shall receive the greater damnation. 15 Woe unto you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! for ye compass sea and land to make one proselyte, and when he is made, ye make him twofold more the child of hell than yourselves. 16 Woe unto you, [ye] blind guides,... 19 [Ye] fools and blind: ... 23 Woe unto you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! for ye pay tithe of mint and anise and cummin, and have omitted the weightier (matters) of the law, judgment, mercy, and faith: these ought ye to have done, and not to leave the other undone. 24 [Ye] blind guides, which strain at a gnat, and swallow a camel. 25 Woe unto you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! for ye make clean the outside of the cup and of the platter, but within they are full of extortion and excess.

Matthew 23:27 Woe unto you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! for ye are like unto whited sepulchres, which indeed appear beautiful outward, but are within full of dead [men’s] bones, and of all uncleanness. Even so ye also outwardly appear righteous unto men, but within ye are full of hypocrisy and iniquity. 29 Woe unto you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! because ye build the tombs of the prophets, and garnish the sepulchres of the righteous,"

1 Timothy 4:2 Speaking lies in hypocrisy; having their conscience seared with a hot iron;

[Searedc-4] A conscience seared
1 Timothy 4:1 "Now the Spirit speaketh expressly, that in the latter times some shall depart from the faith, giving heed to seducing spirits, and doctrines of devils;2 Speaking lies in hypocrisy; having their conscience seared with a hot iron;...12 Let no man despise thy youth; but be thou an example of the believers, in word, in conversation, in charity, in spirit, in faith, in purity.

Jeremiah 5:21 "Hear now this, O foolish people, and without understanding; which have eyes, and see not; which have ears, and hear not:"

Matthew 7:15 ¶ "Beware of false prophets, which come to you in sheep’s clothing, but inwardly they are ravening wolves."

Matthew 24:24 "For there shall arise false Christs, and false prophets, and shall shew great signs and wonders; insomuch that, if [it were] possible, they shall deceive the very elect."

[2 Peter 2]]:1 "But there were false prophets also among the people, even as there shall be false teachers among you, who privily shall bring in damnable heresies, even denying the Lord that bought them, and bring upon themselves swift destruction. 2 And many shall follow their pernicious ways; by reason of whom the way of truth shall be evil spoken of. 3 ¶ And through covetousness shall they with feigned words make merchandise of you: whose judgment now of a long time lingereth not, and their damnation slumbereth not. :

2 Timothy 3:1 "This know also, that in the last days perilous times shall come. 2 For men shall be lovers of their own selves, covetous, boasters, proud, blasphemers, disobedient to parents, unthankful, unholy, 3 Without natural affection, trucebreakers, false accusers, incontinent, fierce, despisers of those that are good, 4 Traitors, heady, highminded, lovers of pleasures more than lovers of God; 5 Having a form of godliness, but denying the power thereof: from such turn away.

Ephesians 4:17 "This I say therefore, and testify in the Lord, that ye henceforth walk not as other Gentiles walk, in the vanity of their mind, 18 Having the understanding darkened, being alienated from the life of God through the ignorance that is in them, because of the blindness of their heart: 19 Who being past feeling have given themselves over unto lasciviousness, to work all uncleanness with greediness. 20 But ye have not so learned Christ; 21 If so be that ye have heard him, and have been taught by him, as the truth is in Jesus: 22 That ye put off concerning the former conversation the old man, which is corrupt according to the deceitful lusts;

[5] Funk & Wagnalls New Encyclopedia Vol. 7 p.149

[ktaken-6] Kingdom Taken
Matthew 2:6 "And thou Bethlehem, [in] the land of Juda, art not the least among the princes of Juda: for out of thee shall come a Governor(2233), that shall rule my people Israel."

Matthew 9:16 "No man putteth a piece of new cloth unto an old garment, for that which is put in to fill it up taketh from the garment, and the rent is made worse. 17 Neither do men put new wine into old bottles: else the bottles break, and the wine runneth out, and the bottles perish: but they put new wine into new bottles, and both are preserved." Jesus did not just reform the kingdom.

Matthew 21:43 "Therefore say I unto you, The kingdom of God shall be taken from you, and given to a nation bringing forth the fruits thereof." Jesus would take it as priest and king.
Luke 13:9 "And if it bear fruit, [well]: and if not, [then] after that thou shalt cut it down." The Corbans of the world were covetous practices

John 19:15...19 "But they cried out, Away with [him], away with [him], crucify him. Pilate saith unto them, Shall I crucify your King? The chief priests answered, We have no king but Caesar." The kingdom taken by the words of their own mouth.

John 15:4 "Abide in me, and I in you. As the branch cannot bear fruit of itself, except it abide in the vine; no more can ye, except ye abide in me." The people must seek The Way.

John 15:8 "Herein is my Father glorified, that ye bear much fruit; so shall ye be my disciples."

Luke 12:32 "Fear not, little flock; for it is your Father’s good pleasure to give you the kingdom."

Luke 22:29 "And I appoint unto you a kingdom, as my Father hath appointed unto me;"

Mark 15:26 And the superscription of his accusation was written over, THE KING OF THE JEWS."

Acts 17:7 "Whom Jason hath received: and these all do contrary to the decrees of Caesar, saying that there is another king, one Jesus."

1 Peter 2:9 "But ye [are] a chosen generation, a royal priesthood, an holy nation, a peculiar people; that ye should shew forth the praises of him who hath called you out of darkness into his marvellous light:"

See Taking and Giving the Kingdom

[Appointk-7] Appoint a kingdom
Matthew 21:43 "Therefore say I unto you, The kingdom of God shall be taken from you, and given to a nation bringing forth the fruits thereof."

Luke 12:32 "Fear not, little flock; for it is your Father’s good pleasure to give you the kingdom."

Luke 22:29 "And I appoint unto you a kingdom, as my Father hath appointed unto me;"

John 19:15 But they cried out, Away with [him], away with [him], crucify him. Pilate saith unto them, Shall I crucify your King? The chief priests answered, We have no king but Caesar.

[graftgentile-8] Gentiles of faith grafted
Matthew 28:19 "Go ye therefore, and teach all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost:"

Mark 16:15 "And he said unto them, Go ye into all the world, and preach the gospel to every creature."

Mark 16:16 "He that believeth and is baptized shall be saved; but he that believeth not shall be damned."

Micah 5:8 " And the remnant of Jacob shall be among the Gentiles in the midst of many people as a lion among the beasts of the forest, as a young lion among the flocks of sheep: who, if he go through, both treadeth down, and teareth in pieces, and none can deliver."

Acts 9:15 "But the Lord said unto him, Go thy way: for he is a chosen vessel unto me, to bear my name before the Gentiles, and kings, and the children of Israel:"

Acts 10:45 "And they of the circumcision which believed were astonished, as many as came with Peter, because that on the Gentiles also was poured out the gift of the Holy Ghost."

Acts 18:6 "And when they opposed themselves, and blasphemed, he shook [his] raiment, and said unto them, Your blood [be] upon your own heads; I [am] clean: from henceforth I will go unto the Gentiles."

1 Corinthians 12:13 "For by one Spirit are we all baptized into one body, whether [we be] Jews or Gentiles, whether [we be] bond or free; and have been all made to drink into one Spirit. 14 For the body is not one member, but many."

Romans 1:16 "For I am not ashamed of the gospel of Christ: for it is the power of God unto salvation to every one that believeth; to the Jew first, and also to the Greek."

Romans 3:29 "[Is he] the God of the Jews only? [is he] not also of the Gentiles? Yes, of the Gentiles also:"

Romans 9:24 "Even us, whom he hath called, not of the Jews only, but also of the Gentiles?"

Romans 11:13 "For I speak to you Gentiles, inasmuch as I am the apostle of the Gentiles, I magnify mine office:"

Romans 15:12 "And again, Esaias saith, There shall be a root of Jesse, and he that shall rise to reign over the Gentiles; in him shall the Gentiles trust.... 16 That I should be the minister of Jesus Christ to the Gentiles, ministering the gospel of God, that the offering up of the Gentiles might be acceptable, being sanctified by the Holy Ghost."

[latin125-15-9] 9.0 ^9.1 "Latin: Epistola CXXVI, Ad Marcellinum et Anapsychiam" xv (sec. 15.) "Nulla ars absque magistro discitur. Etiam muta animalia, et ferarum greges, ductores sequuntur suos. In apibus principes sunt: grues unam sequuntur ordine litterato. Imperator unus: Judex unus provinciae. Roma ut condita est, duos fratres simul habere reges non potuit, et parricidio dedicatur. Iu Rebeccae utero, Esau, et Jacob bella gesserunt (Gen. 25. 22). Singuli Ecclesiarum Episcopi, singuli Archipresbyteri, singuli Archidiaconi: et omnis ordo Ecclesiasticus suis rectoribus nititur. In navi unus gubernator: in domo unus Dominus: in quamvis grandi exercitu, unius signum expectatur. Et ne plura replicando fastidium legenti faciam, per haec omnia ad illud tendit oratio; ut doceam te, non tuo arbitrio dimittendum, sed vivere debere in monasterio sub unius disciplina Patris, consortioque multorum, ut ab alio discas humilitatem, ab alio patientiam: hic te silentium, ille doceat mansuetudinem. Non facias quod vis, comedas quod juberis, vestiare quod acceperis, operis tui pensum persolvas, subjiciaris cui non vis, lassus ad stratum venias, ambulansque dormites, et necdum [al. nec demum] expleto somno, surgere compellaris. Dicas Psalmum in ordine tuo; IN QUO NON dulcedo vocis, sed mentis affectus quaeritur, dicente Apostolo: Psallam spiritu, psallam et mente (1. Cor. 14. 15): Et, Cantantes in cordibus vestris Domino. Legerat enim esse praeceptum, Psallite sapienter. Servias fratribus, hospitum laves pedes; passus injuriam taceas; Praepositum monasterii timeas ut dominum, diligas ut parentem. Credas tibi salutare quidquid ille praeceperit; nec de majorum sententia judices, cujus officii est obedire, et implere quae jussa sunt, dicente Moyse: Audi Israel, et tace (Deut. 27. 9. juxta LXX). Tantis negotiis occupatus, nullis vacabis cogitationibus, et dum ab alio transis ad aliud, opusque succedit operi, illud solum mente tenebis, quod agere compelleris." http://www.patrologia-lib.ru/patrolog/hieronym/epist/epist04.htm

[10] An archdeacon, in the Christian church during the European Middle Ages was the chief deacon at the bishop's own church;

[11] "No art is ever learned without a master. Even dumb animals and wild herds follow leaders of their own. Bees have princes, and cranes fly after one of their number in the shape of a Y. There is but one emperor and each province has but one judge. Rome was founded by two brothers, but, as it could not have two kings at once, was inaugurated by an act of fratricide. So too Esau and Jacob strove in Rebekah's womb. Genesis 25:22. Each church has a single bishop, a single archpresbyter, a single archdeacon; and every ecclesiastical order is subjected to its own rulers. A ship has but one pilot, a house but one master, and the largest army moves at the command of one man. That I may not tire you by heaping up instances, my drift is simply this. Do not rely on your own discretion, but live in a monastery. For there, while you will be under the control of one father, you will have many companions; and these will teach you, one humility, another patience, a third silence, and a fourth meekness. You will do as others wish; you will eat what you are told to eat; you will wear what clothes are given you; you will perform the task allotted to you; you will obey one whom you do not like, you will come to bed tired out; you will go to sleep on your feet and you will be forced to rise before you have had sufficient rest. When your turn comes, you will recite the psalms, a task which requires not a well modulated voice but genuine emotion: The apostle says: I will pray with the spirit and I will pray with the understanding also, 1 Corinthians 14:15 and to the Ephesians, make melody in your hearts to the Lord. Ephesians 5:19 For he had read the precept of the psalmist: Sing ye praises with understanding. You will serve the brothers, you will wash the guests' feet; if you suffer wrong you will bear it in silence; the superior of the community you will fear as a master and love as a father. Whatever he may order you to do you will believe to be wholesome for you. You will not pass judgment upon those who are placed over you, for your duty will be to obey them and to do what you are told, according to the words spoken by Moses: keep silence and hearken, O Israel. You will have so many tasks to occupy you that you will have no time for [evil] thoughts; and while you pass from one thing to another and fresh work follows work done, you will only be able to think of what you have it in charge at the moment to do." https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/3001125.htm

[12] "There is but one emperor and each province has but one judge. Rome was founded by two brothers, but, as it could not have two kings at once, was inaugurated by an act of fratricide."

[exauth-13] Not exercise authority
Matthew 20:25 "But Jesus called them unto him, and said, Ye know that the princes of the Gentiles exercise dominion over them, and they that are great exercise authority upon them. But it shall not be so among you:..."

Mark 10:42 "But Jesus called them to him, and saith unto them, Ye know that they which are accounted to rule over the Gentiles exercise lordship over them; and their great ones exercise authority upon them. But so shall it not be among you:..."

Luke 22:25 "And he said unto them, The kings of the Gentiles exercise lordship over them; and they that exercise authority upon them are called benefactors. But ye [shall] not [be] so:..."

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Jerome

Contents

Jerome

Women

Corrupt ministers

Coming to terms with Jerome

Archdeacon

Footnotes

About the author

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Jerome

Jerome

Women

Corrupt ministers

Coming to terms with Jerome

Archdeacon

Footnotes

About the author

Subscribe

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