Fiction of law: Difference between revisions
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[[File:fiction.jpg|right|thumb| | [[File:fiction.jpg|right|thumb|450px|A fiction of law is the assumption that a certain thing is true, even though it is not natural to uphold it as true. An example is adoption of a boy as if he was your son. He is not naturally nor truly the son of the father, but the law may grant or give or recognize the quality of a son to someone who by nature is not the son. | ||
There are those today who would claim they can disregard the unrighteous [[mammon]] or the ''[[fathers]] of the earth'' Jesus spoke of because those [[benefactors]] of the [[world]] depend on fictions of law to bind the people. This is often wishful thinking because they are [[surety]] for debt, entangled again in the [[yoke]] of [[bondage]], made [[merchandise]] and [[curse children|cursed children]] by consent and deed. We are called to [[repent]] and [[seek]] [[righteousness]] in a [[network]] of [[love]]. | |||
: If God is our Father then we should be [[commanded|obeying the son]] and sitting at and setting the table of the Lord.]] | |||
== The Truth about fictions == | == The Truth about fictions == | ||
Mark Twain once said “Truth is stranger than fiction, but it is because ''fiction'' is obliged to stick to possibilities; Truth isn't.” | Mark Twain once said “Truth is stranger than fiction, but it is because ''fiction'' is obliged to stick to possibilities; Truth isn't.” | ||
When trying to understand the truth about the present we should seek to look at it dimensionally within time and space and spirit. | When trying to understand the truth about the present, we should seek to look at it dimensionally within time and space and spirit. | ||
: "For we know that the law is spiritual..." Romans 7:14 | : "For we know that the law is spiritual..." Romans 7:14 | ||
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There is a great deal of misunderstanding about the terms ''fiction of law'' and ''legal fiction''. | There is a great deal of misunderstanding about the terms ''fiction of law'' and ''legal fiction''. | ||
What is | What is a Fiction of Law? | ||
It sounds like an oxymoron. | It sounds like an oxymoron. | ||
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Text http://www.hisholychurch.org/study/gods/cog2lvl.php</Ref> | Text http://www.hisholychurch.org/study/gods/cog2lvl.php</Ref> | ||
What is a ''legal fiction'' and how does it differ from a ''Fiction of law'' and or does it? | What is a ''legal fiction'', and how does it differ from a ''Fiction of law'', and or does it? | ||
In countless historical debates few agree. | In countless historical debates, few agree. | ||
One of the problems is how far do you take the matter and use of fictions. This is compounded by the vanity and lust for power found in men including judges, for they are not exempt from prejudice. | One of the problems is how far do you take the matter and use of fictions. This is compounded by the vanity and lust for power found in men -- including judges, for they are not exempt from prejudice. | ||
One definition of a ''legal fiction'' is "an assertion accepted as true, though probably fictitious, to achieve a particular goal in a legal matter." | One definition of a ''legal fiction'' is "an assertion accepted as true, though probably fictitious, to achieve a particular goal in a legal matter." | ||
But in another place a ''legal fiction'' is a fact assumed or created by courts. | But in another place, a ''legal fiction'' is a fact assumed or created by courts. | ||
Because they are created by courts does not mean they are not true or void of fact. One example of a legal fiction occurs in adoption. An adoption is saying this is my son. | Because they are created by courts, it does not mean they are not true or void of fact. One example of a legal fiction occurs in adoption. An adoption is saying this is my son. He is not actually your son, so in that sense it is not true. But it is true that you are adopting him as your son. | ||
* A corporation treated as a legal person<Ref>The concept of the law treating corporate entities as if they were persons dates back to Ancient Rome. The | * A corporation treated as a legal person<Ref>The concept of the law treating corporate entities as if they were persons dates back to Ancient Rome. The 14th Amendment did the same thing. The corporation is itself incapable of loyalty or enmity, but the spirit of those within in provide the spirit.</Ref> is a fiction because in fact it is not a living person. But corporations are created by people, owned by people, and run by people who collectively bring in their spirit. The spirit of the people breath life into a Corporation. | ||
: A corporation has a nationality and most governments have a corporate nature to them. | : A corporation has a nationality, and most governments have a corporate nature to them. | ||
There are six factors in determining the nationality of a corporation: | There are six factors in determining the nationality of a corporation: | ||
* the state of incorporation | * the state of incorporation | ||
* the principal seat of business<Ref>Related to a corporation's nationality is its residence. This can be | * the principal seat of business<Ref>Related to a corporation's nationality is its residence. This can be jurisdictionally difficult, as a typical "multinational" has domiciles in several countries. | ||
There are at least two questions in this realm. Where does a company reside? Usually, it resides in the place of incorporation or place of its registered office.</Ref> | There are at least two questions in this realm. 1) Where does a company reside? Usually, it resides in the place of incorporation or in the place of its registered office (called the 'nerve center'). 2) Where is the significantly larger business activity of the corporation, in terms of it's interactions with the public?</Ref> | ||
* nationality of the shareholders | * nationality of the shareholders | ||
* the nationality of overall investment | * the nationality of overall investment | ||
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* the persons controlling the business of corporation | * the persons controlling the business of corporation | ||
Knowing this what is the nationality of the Corpus of Christ? | Knowing this, what is the nationality of the Corpus of Christ? | ||
Since the time of [[Cain]] men have thought they should have the power to rule over other men. | Since the time of [[Cain]], men have thought they should have the power to rule over other men. | ||
The idea in some courts that there needs to be a "procedural" legal fiction in order that some verdict of justice may be reached is widely accepted | The idea in some courts is that there needs to be a "procedural" legal fiction in order that some verdict of justice may be reached, and this is widely accepted, in preference to throwing the case out of court, with no judgment at all, which could produce greater injustices. | ||
The truth is that a ''procedural'' ''legal fiction'' may be a false allegation of fact and not merely an assumption. It often could not be challenged and was usually employed to enlarge jurisdiction of a professional judiciary. | The truth is that a ''procedural'' ''legal fiction'' may be a false allegation of fact and not merely an assumption. It often could not be challenged, and it was usually employed to enlarge jurisdiction of a professional judiciary. | ||
Procedural legal fictions could also be used to extend judicial remedies under the pretense that a fact, if true, might lead to a desirable and just result under the existing rules of law. But all this inside a legal system created by men who want to rule over rights of others and in the pliable hands of a professional judiciary that may simply desire an expansion of power. | Procedural legal fictions could also be used to extend judicial remedies under the pretense that a fact, if true, might lead to a desirable and just result under the existing rules of law. But all of this exists inside a legal system created by men who want to rule over rights of others, and it is in the pliable hands of a professional judiciary that may simply desire an expansion of power. | ||
Power corrupts and those who seek power will soon seek more. | Power corrupts and those who seek power will soon seek more. | ||
The problem may not be the legal fiction or fiction of law but the concentration of power in the hands of a professional judiciary who often think they should have the power of [[gods]]. | The problem may not be the legal fiction or fiction of law, but rather the concentration of power in the hands of a professional judiciary who often think they should have the power of [[gods]]. | ||
Some defined a ''legal fiction'' as "any assumption which conceals, or affects to conceal, the fact that a rule of law has undergone alteration, its letter remaining unchanged, its operation being modified."<Ref>Maine, Ancient Law, in THE PROBLEMS OF JURISPRUDENCE 371 (L. Fuller ed. 1946). Concerned with fictions of Roman law and jurisdictional common law fictions, we see, "The fact is in both cases that the law has been wholly changed; the fiction is that it remains what it always was." Id. at 370.</Ref> | Some defined a ''legal fiction'' as "any assumption which conceals, or affects to conceal, the fact that a rule of law has undergone alteration, its letter remaining unchanged, its operation being modified."<Ref>Maine, Ancient Law, in THE PROBLEMS OF JURISPRUDENCE 371 (L. Fuller ed. 1946). Concerned with fictions of Roman law and jurisdictional common law fictions, we see, "The fact is in both cases that the law has been wholly changed; the fiction is that it remains what it always was." Id. at 370.</Ref> | ||
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The struggle is how far can one take a legal fiction without creating more injustice than making no assumption would produce because no judgment may be reached. The assumption that the judge must produce a judgment to produce justice is to imagine that there is no God if you do not play ''god'' as judge in court. | The struggle is how far can one take a legal fiction without creating more injustice than making no assumption would produce because no judgment may be reached. The assumption that the judge must produce a judgment to produce justice is to imagine that there is no God if you do not play ''god'' as judge in court. | ||
Whether you are dealing with constructive delivery, implied provisions in contracts, or other kinds of legal presumptions the problem is not the idea or even the need but the motivation or driving spirit of those who use it. | Whether you are dealing with constructive delivery, implied provisions in contracts, or other kinds of legal presumptions, the problem is not the idea or even the need, but the motivation or driving spirit of those who use it. | ||
: "That the righteousness of the law might be fulfilled in us, who walk not after the flesh, but after the Spirit." Romans 8:4 | : "That the righteousness of the law might be fulfilled in us, who walk not after the flesh, but after the Spirit." Romans 8:4 | ||
Many like Jeremy Bentham<Ref> born 1748 Jeremy Bentham was a British philosopher, jurist, and social reformer. He is regarded as the founder of modern utilitarianism.</Ref> despised the "original social contract" as the basis for political obligation | Many like Jeremy Bentham<Ref> born 1748 Jeremy Bentham was a British philosopher, jurist, and social reformer. He is regarded as the founder of modern utilitarianism.</Ref> despised, as fiction, the "original social contract" as the basis for political obligation. But that was in a day before massive social programs like public education, social welfare and other political and public benefits showered upon a citizenry that devoured the rewards of an authoritarian society with great appetite instead of abiding in [[Proverbs 23]] or the words of Jesus concerning [[Benefactors]] who [[Exercises authority|exercise authority]]. | ||
His arguments may be heralded by those guides who are both deaf and blind to the state of society [[Biting one another|feeding]] off of one another by sucking at the breast of wolves as Romulus and Remus. By taking benefits to which we are not naturally entitled, the "original [[social contract]]" is no longer a fiction, but a cognizable fact. | |||
His arguments may be heralded by those guides who are both deaf and blind to the state of society [[Biting one another|feeding]] off one another by sucking at the breast of wolves as Romulus and Remus. By taking benefits to which we are not naturally entitled the "original [[social contract]]" is no longer a fiction but a cognizable fact. | |||
We have stated that "Power corrupts and those who seek power will soon seek more." | We have stated that "Power corrupts and those who seek power will soon seek more." | ||
The lust for benefits at the expense of your neighbor is the lust for power over your neighbor. Benefits in the form of entitlements corrupt society and those who seek such rewards will soon seek more benefits. | The lust for benefits at the expense of your neighbor is the lust for power over your neighbor. Benefits in the form of entitlements corrupt society, and those who seek such rewards will soon seek more benefits. | ||
Bentham raged about the "rottenness" of the ''legal fiction'' and he seemed to despise common law but that was what the common law had become by way of the apathy and sloth of the people. He thought the common law was a failure but it was the people who had failed the law. Bentham's solution was codification which would have been jumping from the frying pan into the fire for what [[gods]] will write the codes? | Bentham raged about the "rottenness" of the ''legal fiction'', and he seemed to despise common law, but that was what the common law had become by way of the apathy and sloth of the people. He thought the common law was a failure, but it was the people who had failed the law. Bentham's solution was codification, which would have been jumping from the frying pan into the fire, for what [[gods]] will write the codes? | ||
: “Before the Norman conquest of England in 1066, the people were the fountainhead of justice. The Anglo-Saxon courts of those days were composed of large numbers of freemen, and the law which they administered was that which had been handed down by oral tradition from generation to generation. In competition with these non-professional courts, the Norman king, who insisted that he was the fountainhead of justice, set up his own tribunals. The judges who presided over these royal courts were agents or representatives of the king, not of the people; but they were professional lawyers who devoted most of their time and energy to the administration of justice, and the courts over which they presided were so efficient, they gradually all but displaced the popular, nonprofessional courts.”<Ref>Clark’s Summary of American Law. p 530.</Ref> | |||
: “Before the Norman conquest of England in 1066 the people were the fountainhead of justice. The Anglo-Saxon courts of those days were composed of large numbers of freemen and the law which they administered | |||
== Fiction of virtue == | == Fiction of virtue == | ||
One must take back their responsibility to be a government of the people tending to the [[Weightier matters|weightier matters]], or their liberty will become a fiction. | |||
One must take back their responsibility to be a government of the people tending to the [[Weightier matters|weightier matters]] or their liberty will become a fiction. | |||
“If Virtue and Knowledge are diffused among the People, they will never be enslaved. This will be their great Security”<Ref>1Samuel Adams, Our Sacred Honor, Bennett, 217, 1779 - letter to James Warren.</Ref> | “If Virtue and Knowledge are diffused among the People, they will never be enslaved. This will be their great Security”<Ref>1Samuel Adams, Our Sacred Honor, Bennett, 217, 1779 - letter to James Warren.</Ref> | ||
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“While the people are virtuous they cannot be subdued; but when once they lose their virtue then they will be ready to surrender their liberties to the first external or internal invader.”<Ref>The Writings of Samuel Adams, Cushing, ed., vol. 4, 124, 1779 - letter to James Warren.</Ref> | “While the people are virtuous they cannot be subdued; but when once they lose their virtue then they will be ready to surrender their liberties to the first external or internal invader.”<Ref>The Writings of Samuel Adams, Cushing, ed., vol. 4, 124, 1779 - letter to James Warren.</Ref> | ||
Neither the people of America nor the States they instituted created or legally ratified the Constitution. While the | Neither the people of America nor the States they instituted created or legally ratified the Constitution. While the States did adopt that document many years ago, the march of history has changed the course of mankind. | ||
Edmond Pendleton, who debated Patrick in his opposition to the phrase “We the People”, stated, “Permit me to ask the gentleman who made this objection, who but the people can delegate powers? Who but the people have the right to form government?”. | Edmond Pendleton, who debated Patrick in his opposition to the phrase “We the People”, stated, “Permit me to ask the gentleman who made this objection, who but the people can delegate powers? Who but the people have the right to form government?”. | ||
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The term federal is from Latin faedus, a league by contract derived from an agreement between parties or nations.<Ref> Federal. a. [from L. faedus, a league, allied perhaps to Eng. wed. L. vas, vadis, vador, vadimonium. See Heb. to pledge.] 1. Pertaining to a league or contract; derived from an agreement or covenant between parties, particularly between nations. The Romans, contrary to federal right, compelled them to part with Sardinia. 2. Consisting in a compact between parties, particularly and chiefly between states or nations; founded on alliance by contract or mutual agreement; as a federal government, such as that of the United States. 3. Friendly to the constitution of the United States. [See the Noun.]1828 Webster's Dictionary.</Ref> | The term federal is from Latin faedus, a league by contract derived from an agreement between parties or nations.<Ref> Federal. a. [from L. faedus, a league, allied perhaps to Eng. wed. L. vas, vadis, vador, vadimonium. See Heb. to pledge.] 1. Pertaining to a league or contract; derived from an agreement or covenant between parties, particularly between nations. The Romans, contrary to federal right, compelled them to part with Sardinia. 2. Consisting in a compact between parties, particularly and chiefly between states or nations; founded on alliance by contract or mutual agreement; as a federal government, such as that of the United States. 3. Friendly to the constitution of the United States. [See the Noun.]1828 Webster's Dictionary.</Ref> | ||
Originally the parties to the constitution | Originally, the parties to the constitution were only the states. That covenant and league simply did not include the average citizens of the states or their inhabitants. | ||
“It is certainly true that a popular government cannot flourish without virtue in the people.”<Ref>The Letters of Richard Henry Lee, Ballagh, ed., vol. 2, p.411, 1786 - letter to Colonel Martin Pickett.</Ref> | “It is certainly true that a popular government cannot flourish without virtue in the people.”<Ref>The Letters of Richard Henry Lee, Ballagh, ed., vol. 2, p.411, 1786 - letter to Colonel Martin Pickett.</Ref> | ||
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: An assumption that something occurred or someone or something exists which, in fact, is not the case, but that is made in the law to enable a court to equitably resolve a matter before it. | : An assumption that something occurred or someone or something exists which, in fact, is not the case, but that is made in the law to enable a court to equitably resolve a matter before it. | ||
: In order to do justice, the law will permit or create a legal fiction. For example, if a person undertakes a renunciation of a legacy which is a gift by will the person will be deemed to have predeceased the | : In order to do justice, the law will permit or create a legal fiction. For example, if a person undertakes a renunciation of a legacy which is a gift by will the person will be deemed to have predeceased the testator — one who makes a will — for the purpose of distributing the estate.<Ref>West's Encyclopedia of American Law, edition 2. Copyright 2008 The Gale Group, Inc. All rights reserved.</Ref> | ||
A common example of a legal fiction is a corporation, which is regarded in many jurisdictions as a "person" who has many of the same legal rights and responsibilities as a natural person. | A common example of a legal fiction is a corporation, which is regarded in many jurisdictions as a "person" who has many of the same legal rights and responsibilities as a natural person. | ||
The rights being legal are created by terms of contracts and therefore regulated as a privilege more than a natural right. | The rights being legal are created by terms of contracts, and therefore, they are regulated as a privilege more than a natural right. | ||
Legal fictions are mostly encountered under common law systems. Those systems are legal systems that usually begin with a legal [[CCC|constitution, contract or covenant]] amongst people. But the original common law the product of justice came directly from a jury of freemen who decided fact and law. These men, when they prized both their liberty and the responsibilities correlative to its enjoyment, produced justice with a minimal reliance on fictions of law. | Legal fictions are mostly encountered under common law systems. Those systems are legal systems that usually begin with a legal [[CCC|constitution, contract or covenant]] amongst people. But the original common law -- the product of justice -- came directly from a jury of freemen who decided fact and law. These men, when they prized both their liberty and the responsibilities correlative to its enjoyment, produced justice with a minimal reliance on fictions of law. | ||
The professional judiciary may or may not indulge in the same virtues for they are mercenaries to the battle for justice and have demonstrated an equal desire for profit in their pursuit of justice by taking pay for the fulfillment of a natural responsibility. | The professional judiciary may or may not indulge in the same virtues, for they are mercenaries to the battle for justice and have demonstrated an equal desire for profit in their pursuit of justice, by taking pay for the fulfillment of a natural responsibility. | ||
== Examples == | |||
Other working examples of legal fiction are commonly used to resolve contracts, such as the ''doctrine of survival'' used to create a legal fiction. If two people die at the same time, such as in a car crash or in a manner that renders it impossible to tell who had died first, the older of the two is considered to have died first, subject to rebuttal by evidence demonstrating the actual order of death. | |||
You could literally argue that the older sat in the back seat, or injuries were slightly less traumatic, which might suggest that he did not die first. | |||
A legal fiction is just a way to resolve contracts and the relations they create when the facts necessary to determine pure [[Equity|equity]] are undetermined. When trying to understand legal fictions, we need to realize that all contracts are not written. Some are based on our actions, and they may be assumed or even presumed based on constructions through the examination of facts and/or information we do have. | |||
A legal fiction is just a way to resolve contracts and the relations they create when the facts necessary to determine pure [[Equity|equity]] are undetermined. When trying to understand legal fictions we need to realize that all contracts are not written. Some are based on our actions and may be assumed or even presumed based on constructions through the examination of facts and or information we do have. | |||
An example of this is the use of character witnesses that have no knowledge of the case, but they may present evidence that goes to the determination of whether or not there was criminal intent, based on the good character of the accused in the past. | |||
The common law had a procedure whereby title to land could be put in direct issue by a "writ of right". When facts to support the writ were not available, or when a judgement could not be agreed upon, the parties could resort to ''trial by combat''. The legal sanction of ''Wager of battle'' was abolished in England in 1819. Dueling was still available for some time, to settle issues. The truth is, whole nations still avail themselves of this remedy, producing monstrous wars. | |||
In reading these examples, note that legality is about agreements and contractual relationships, not about the rule of right or righteousness, except in relation to agreements whether written or constructed. | |||
Here are some example sentences that use the word. | Here are some example sentences that use the word. | ||
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* Legal fiction should not be extended so as to lead unjust results. For example, the fiction that the wife's personality is merged in that of the husband should not be extended to deny to the wife of a disqualified man the right to an inheritance when it opens. The wife of a murderer can succeed to the estate of the murdered man in her own right and will not be affected by the husband's disqualification. | * Legal fiction should not be extended so as to lead unjust results. For example, the fiction that the wife's personality is merged in that of the husband should not be extended to deny to the wife of a disqualified man the right to an inheritance when it opens. The wife of a murderer can succeed to the estate of the murdered man in her own right and will not be affected by the husband's disqualification. | ||
* There cannot be a fiction upon a fiction. For example, in Hindu law, where a married person is given in adoption, and such person has a son at the time of adoption, the son does not pass into his father's adoptive family along with his father. He does not lose his gotra <nowiki>[lineage]</nowiki> and right of inheritance in the family of his birth. The second example would be that the adopted son would by a fiction be a real son of the adoptive father and his wife associated with the adoption. But to say that he will be the real son of all the wives of the adoptive father is a fiction upon fiction. | * There cannot be a fiction upon a fiction. For example, in Hindu law, where a married person is given in adoption, and such person has a son at the time of adoption, the son does not pass into his father's adoptive family along with his father. He does not lose his gotra <nowiki>[lineage]</nowiki> and right of inheritance in the family of his birth. The second example would be that the adopted son would by a fiction be a real son of the adoptive father and his wife associated with the adoption. But to say that he will be the real son of all the wives of the adoptive father is a fiction upon fiction. | ||
A legal fiction as a noun is a presumption of fact assumed by a court for convenience, consistency, or to achieve justice. There is an old adage: "Fictions arise from the law, and not law from fictions." | A legal fiction as a noun is a presumption of fact assumed by a court for convenience, consistency, or to achieve justice. There is an old adage: "Fictions arise from the law, and not law from fictions." | ||
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In re Bauer (1889), 79 Cal. 304, 30. | In re Bauer (1889), 79 Cal. 304, 30. | ||
Juggling all these ideas together can cause people to argue in error while attempting to defend what they believe to be their rights because they think that legal fictions are not valid and have no authority. They have | Juggling all these ideas together can cause people to argue in error while attempting to defend what they believe to be their rights, because they think that legal fictions are not valid and have no authority. They have sometimes done this while granting a cognizable jurisdiction when they are arguing against a jurisdiction based on their assumption that the court's authority extends from a legal fiction alone. | ||
Remember that a corporation which is very real is also a legal fiction. The corporation is a result of contract which | Remember that a corporation which is very real is also a legal fiction. The corporation is a result of contract, which is based on the right of the people to create a binding agreement. Rights granted or even secured by a corporation or any other fiction draws the claimant into the jurisdiction of the corporation and its contract. | ||
Protection draws subjection and subjection protection. | "''Protection draws subjection and subjection protection.''" | ||
It is not the fiction that binds us but | It is not the fiction that binds us, but rather our willingness to [[Covet|covet]] our neighbors' goods and labor for our personal benefit and reward; what binds us is our sloth, and our | ||
application for protection and [[Welfare|welfare]] of the men who call themselves [[Benefactors]] but who [[Exercises authority|exercise authority]]. | application for protection and [[Welfare|welfare]] of the men who call themselves [[Benefactors]] but who [[Exercises authority|exercise authority]]. | ||
== FICTION OF LAW == | == FICTION OF LAW == | ||
=== Bovier's Dictionary === | === Bovier's Dictionary === | ||
: 1. The assumption that a certain thing is true, and which gives to a person or thing, a quality which is not natural to it, and establishes, consequently, a certain disposition, which, without the fiction, would be repugnant to reason and to truth. It is an order of things which does not exist, but which the law prescribe; or authorizes it differs from presumption, because it establishes as true, something which is false; whereas presumption supplies the proof of something true. Dalloz, Dict. h. t. See 1 Toull. 171, n. 203; 2 Toull. 217, n. 203; 11 Toull. 11, n. 10, note 2; Ferguson, Moral Philosophy, part 5, c. 10, s. 3 Burgess on Insolvency, 139, 140; Report of the Revisers of the Civil Code of Pennsylvania, March 1, 1832, p. 8. | : 1. The assumption that a certain thing is true, and which gives to a person or thing, a quality which is not natural to it, and establishes, consequently, a certain disposition, which, without the fiction, would be repugnant to reason and to truth. It is an order of things which does not exist, but which the law prescribe; or authorizes it differs from presumption, because it establishes as true, something which is false; whereas presumption supplies the proof of something true. Dalloz, Dict. h. t. See 1 Toull. 171, n. 203; 2 Toull. 217, n. 203; 11 Toull. 11, n. 10, note 2; Ferguson, Moral Philosophy, part 5, c. 10, s. 3 Burgess on Insolvency, 139, 140; Report of the Revisers of the Civil Code of Pennsylvania, March 1, 1832, p. 8. | ||
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: 5. The law abounds in fictions. That an estate is in abeyance;<Ref>the position of being without, or waiting for, an owner or claimant.</Ref> the doctrine of remitter, by which a party who has been disseised of his freehold, and afterwards acquires a defective title, is remitted to his former good title; that one thing done today, is considered as done, at a preceding time by the doctrine of relation; that, because one thing is proved, another shall be presumed to be true, which is the case in all presumptions; that the heir, executor, and administrator stand by representation, in the place of the deceased are all fictions of law. "Our various introduction of John Doe and Richard Roe," says Mr. Evans, (Poth. on Ob. by Evans, vol. n. p. 43,) "our solemn process upon disseisin by Hugh Hunt; our casually losing and finding a ship (which never was in Europe) in the parish of St. Mary Le Bow, in the ward of Cheap; our trying the validity of a will by an imaginary, wager of five pounds; our imagining and compassing the king's death, by giving information which may defeat an attack upon an enewy's settlement in the antipodes our charge of picking a pocket, or forging a bill with force and arms; of neglecting to repair a bridge, against the peace of our lord the king, his crown and dignity are circumstances, which, looked at by themselves, would convey an impression of no very favorable nature, with respect to the wisdom of our jurisprudence." Vide 13 Vin. Ab. 209; Merl. Rep. h. t.; Dane's Ab. Index, h. t.; and Rey, des Inst. de I'Angl. tome 2, p. 219, where he severely cesures these fictions as absurd and useless. | : 5. The law abounds in fictions. That an estate is in abeyance;<Ref>the position of being without, or waiting for, an owner or claimant.</Ref> the doctrine of remitter, by which a party who has been disseised of his freehold, and afterwards acquires a defective title, is remitted to his former good title; that one thing done today, is considered as done, at a preceding time by the doctrine of relation; that, because one thing is proved, another shall be presumed to be true, which is the case in all presumptions; that the heir, executor, and administrator stand by representation, in the place of the deceased are all fictions of law. "Our various introduction of John Doe and Richard Roe," says Mr. Evans, (Poth. on Ob. by Evans, vol. n. p. 43,) "our solemn process upon disseisin by Hugh Hunt; our casually losing and finding a ship (which never was in Europe) in the parish of St. Mary Le Bow, in the ward of Cheap; our trying the validity of a will by an imaginary, wager of five pounds; our imagining and compassing the king's death, by giving information which may defeat an attack upon an enewy's settlement in the antipodes our charge of picking a pocket, or forging a bill with force and arms; of neglecting to repair a bridge, against the peace of our lord the king, his crown and dignity are circumstances, which, looked at by themselves, would convey an impression of no very favorable nature, with respect to the wisdom of our jurisprudence." Vide 13 Vin. Ab. 209; Merl. Rep. h. t.; Dane's Ab. Index, h. t.; and Rey, des Inst. de I'Angl. tome 2, p. 219, where he severely cesures these fictions as absurd and useless. | ||
=== Modern Legal definition === | === Modern Legal definition === | ||
: A legal fiction is created for the purpose of promoting the ends of justice. A common-law action, for example, allowed a father to bring suit against his daughter's seducer, based on the legal fiction of the loss of her services. Similarly, the law of torts encompasses the legal fiction of the rule of Vicarious Liability, which renders an employer responsible for the civil wrongs of his or her employees that are committed during their course of employment. Even though the employer generally is uninvolved in the actual act constituting the tort, the law holds the employer responsible since, through a legal fiction, he or she is deemed to be in direct control of the employee's actions. A seller of real estate might, for example, be liable in an action for Fraud committed by his or her agent in the course of a sale. | : A legal fiction is created for the purpose of promoting the ends of justice. A common-law action, for example, allowed a father to bring suit against his daughter's seducer, based on the legal fiction of the loss of her services. Similarly, the law of torts encompasses the legal fiction of the rule of Vicarious Liability, which renders an employer responsible for the civil wrongs of his or her employees that are committed during their course of employment. Even though the employer generally is uninvolved in the actual act constituting the tort, the law holds the employer responsible since, through a legal fiction, he or she is deemed to be in direct control of the employee's actions. A seller of real estate might, for example, be liable in an action for Fraud committed by his or her agent in the course of a sale. | ||
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: Fiction yields to truth. Where truth is, fiction of law does not exist. | : Fiction yields to truth. Where truth is, fiction of law does not exist. | ||
A legal fiction is a fact assumed or created by courts which is then used in order to apply a legal rule. Legal fiction allows an intellectual tradition of defining a legal standard such as by way of a person, which has resulted in the creation of classic hypothetical figures in law like "the right-thinking member of society" or what would Jesus do and stretches back at least to Roman jurists in the figure of "the bonus paterfamilias". | A legal fiction is a fact assumed or created by courts, which is then used in order to apply a legal rule. Legal fiction allows an intellectual tradition of defining a legal standard, such as by way of a person, which has resulted in the creation of classic hypothetical figures in law like "the right-thinking member of society" or what would Jesus do, and it stretches back at least to Roman jurists in the figure of "the bonus paterfamilias". | ||
Legal fictions are mostly encountered under common law systems. | Legal fictions are mostly encountered under common law systems. | ||
Legal fictions may be counter intuitive to those surprised to hear logic from fantasy as a means to administer justice in the modern course of everyday life, but they are preserved to advance public policy and preserve the rights of certain individuals and institutions. | Legal fictions may be counter-intuitive to those surprised to hear logic from fantasy as a means to administer justice in the modern course of everyday life, but they are preserved to advance public policy and preserve the rights of certain individuals and institutions. | ||
Such an example is when a corporation is treated in judicial proceedings as if it were a "natural person" and thus has the same legal rights and responsibilities as a natural person. | Such an example is when a corporation is treated in judicial proceedings as if it were a "natural person", and thus it has the same legal rights and responsibilities as a natural person. | ||
The term "legal fiction" is not usually used in a pejorative way, and has been likened to scaffolding around a building under construction. | The term "legal fiction" is not usually used in a pejorative way, and has been likened to scaffolding around a building under construction. | ||
== Fiction Fallacy == | |||
{{Pacta servanda sunt}} | |||
{{Template:law}} | {{Template:law}} | ||
== Footnotes == <references /> | |||
== Footnotes == | |||
<references /> | |||
{{Template:Gregory-info}} | {{Template:Gregory-info}} | ||
[[Category:Articles]] | |||
[[Category:Topics]] |
Latest revision as of 03:17, 15 August 2023
The Truth about fictions
Mark Twain once said “Truth is stranger than fiction, but it is because fiction is obliged to stick to possibilities; Truth isn't.”
When trying to understand the truth about the present, we should seek to look at it dimensionally within time and space and spirit.
- "For we know that the law is spiritual..." Romans 7:14
There is a great deal of misunderstanding about the terms fiction of law and legal fiction.
What is a Fiction of Law?
It sounds like an oxymoron.
What is law and what is legal?[1]
What is a legal fiction, and how does it differ from a Fiction of law, and or does it?
In countless historical debates, few agree.
One of the problems is how far do you take the matter and use of fictions. This is compounded by the vanity and lust for power found in men -- including judges, for they are not exempt from prejudice.
One definition of a legal fiction is "an assertion accepted as true, though probably fictitious, to achieve a particular goal in a legal matter."
But in another place, a legal fiction is a fact assumed or created by courts.
Because they are created by courts, it does not mean they are not true or void of fact. One example of a legal fiction occurs in adoption. An adoption is saying this is my son. He is not actually your son, so in that sense it is not true. But it is true that you are adopting him as your son.
- A corporation treated as a legal person[2] is a fiction because in fact it is not a living person. But corporations are created by people, owned by people, and run by people who collectively bring in their spirit. The spirit of the people breath life into a Corporation.
- A corporation has a nationality, and most governments have a corporate nature to them.
There are six factors in determining the nationality of a corporation:
- the state of incorporation
- the principal seat of business[3]
- nationality of the shareholders
- the nationality of overall investment
- the nationality of the management
- the persons controlling the business of corporation
Knowing this, what is the nationality of the Corpus of Christ?
Since the time of Cain, men have thought they should have the power to rule over other men.
The idea in some courts is that there needs to be a "procedural" legal fiction in order that some verdict of justice may be reached, and this is widely accepted, in preference to throwing the case out of court, with no judgment at all, which could produce greater injustices.
The truth is that a procedural legal fiction may be a false allegation of fact and not merely an assumption. It often could not be challenged, and it was usually employed to enlarge jurisdiction of a professional judiciary.
Procedural legal fictions could also be used to extend judicial remedies under the pretense that a fact, if true, might lead to a desirable and just result under the existing rules of law. But all of this exists inside a legal system created by men who want to rule over rights of others, and it is in the pliable hands of a professional judiciary that may simply desire an expansion of power.
Power corrupts and those who seek power will soon seek more.
The problem may not be the legal fiction or fiction of law, but rather the concentration of power in the hands of a professional judiciary who often think they should have the power of gods.
Some defined a legal fiction as "any assumption which conceals, or affects to conceal, the fact that a rule of law has undergone alteration, its letter remaining unchanged, its operation being modified."[4]
But others like Fuller defined a legal fiction as "either (1) a statement propounded with a complete or partial consciousness of its falsity, or (2) a false statement recognized as having utility."
How Far a Fiction
The struggle is how far can one take a legal fiction without creating more injustice than making no assumption would produce because no judgment may be reached. The assumption that the judge must produce a judgment to produce justice is to imagine that there is no God if you do not play god as judge in court.
Whether you are dealing with constructive delivery, implied provisions in contracts, or other kinds of legal presumptions, the problem is not the idea or even the need, but the motivation or driving spirit of those who use it.
- "That the righteousness of the law might be fulfilled in us, who walk not after the flesh, but after the Spirit." Romans 8:4
Many like Jeremy Bentham[5] despised, as fiction, the "original social contract" as the basis for political obligation. But that was in a day before massive social programs like public education, social welfare and other political and public benefits showered upon a citizenry that devoured the rewards of an authoritarian society with great appetite instead of abiding in Proverbs 23 or the words of Jesus concerning Benefactors who exercise authority.
His arguments may be heralded by those guides who are both deaf and blind to the state of society feeding off of one another by sucking at the breast of wolves as Romulus and Remus. By taking benefits to which we are not naturally entitled, the "original social contract" is no longer a fiction, but a cognizable fact.
We have stated that "Power corrupts and those who seek power will soon seek more."
The lust for benefits at the expense of your neighbor is the lust for power over your neighbor. Benefits in the form of entitlements corrupt society, and those who seek such rewards will soon seek more benefits.
Bentham raged about the "rottenness" of the legal fiction, and he seemed to despise common law, but that was what the common law had become by way of the apathy and sloth of the people. He thought the common law was a failure, but it was the people who had failed the law. Bentham's solution was codification, which would have been jumping from the frying pan into the fire, for what gods will write the codes?
- “Before the Norman conquest of England in 1066, the people were the fountainhead of justice. The Anglo-Saxon courts of those days were composed of large numbers of freemen, and the law which they administered was that which had been handed down by oral tradition from generation to generation. In competition with these non-professional courts, the Norman king, who insisted that he was the fountainhead of justice, set up his own tribunals. The judges who presided over these royal courts were agents or representatives of the king, not of the people; but they were professional lawyers who devoted most of their time and energy to the administration of justice, and the courts over which they presided were so efficient, they gradually all but displaced the popular, nonprofessional courts.”[6]
Fiction of virtue
One must take back their responsibility to be a government of the people tending to the weightier matters, or their liberty will become a fiction.
“If Virtue and Knowledge are diffused among the People, they will never be enslaved. This will be their great Security”[7]
“Dependence begets subservience and venality,[8] suffocates the germ of virtue, and prepares fit tools for the designs of ambition.”2 [9]
“When we are planning for posterity, we ought to remember that virtue is not hereditary.”[10]
“While the people are virtuous they cannot be subdued; but when once they lose their virtue then they will be ready to surrender their liberties to the first external or internal invader.”[11]
Neither the people of America nor the States they instituted created or legally ratified the Constitution. While the States did adopt that document many years ago, the march of history has changed the course of mankind.
Edmond Pendleton, who debated Patrick in his opposition to the phrase “We the People”, stated, “Permit me to ask the gentleman who made this objection, who but the people can delegate powers? Who but the people have the right to form government?”.
The term federal is from Latin faedus, a league by contract derived from an agreement between parties or nations.[12]
Originally, the parties to the constitution were only the states. That covenant and league simply did not include the average citizens of the states or their inhabitants.
“It is certainly true that a popular government cannot flourish without virtue in the people.”[13]
The Constitution is often an icon of popularity in the minds of the people today, but the covetous souls of mankind have formed a government by the action and inaction of an indulgent population, by covetous participation and application, by slothful acceptance and acquiescence for more than two hundred years.
There can be no liberty without virtue.
Legal Fiction
- An assumption that something occurred or someone or something exists which, in fact, is not the case, but that is made in the law to enable a court to equitably resolve a matter before it.
- In order to do justice, the law will permit or create a legal fiction. For example, if a person undertakes a renunciation of a legacy which is a gift by will the person will be deemed to have predeceased the testator — one who makes a will — for the purpose of distributing the estate.[14]
A common example of a legal fiction is a corporation, which is regarded in many jurisdictions as a "person" who has many of the same legal rights and responsibilities as a natural person.
The rights being legal are created by terms of contracts, and therefore, they are regulated as a privilege more than a natural right.
Legal fictions are mostly encountered under common law systems. Those systems are legal systems that usually begin with a legal constitution, contract or covenant amongst people. But the original common law -- the product of justice -- came directly from a jury of freemen who decided fact and law. These men, when they prized both their liberty and the responsibilities correlative to its enjoyment, produced justice with a minimal reliance on fictions of law.
The professional judiciary may or may not indulge in the same virtues, for they are mercenaries to the battle for justice and have demonstrated an equal desire for profit in their pursuit of justice, by taking pay for the fulfillment of a natural responsibility.
Examples
Other working examples of legal fiction are commonly used to resolve contracts, such as the doctrine of survival used to create a legal fiction. If two people die at the same time, such as in a car crash or in a manner that renders it impossible to tell who had died first, the older of the two is considered to have died first, subject to rebuttal by evidence demonstrating the actual order of death.
You could literally argue that the older sat in the back seat, or injuries were slightly less traumatic, which might suggest that he did not die first.
A legal fiction is just a way to resolve contracts and the relations they create when the facts necessary to determine pure equity are undetermined. When trying to understand legal fictions, we need to realize that all contracts are not written. Some are based on our actions, and they may be assumed or even presumed based on constructions through the examination of facts and/or information we do have.
An example of this is the use of character witnesses that have no knowledge of the case, but they may present evidence that goes to the determination of whether or not there was criminal intent, based on the good character of the accused in the past.
The common law had a procedure whereby title to land could be put in direct issue by a "writ of right". When facts to support the writ were not available, or when a judgement could not be agreed upon, the parties could resort to trial by combat. The legal sanction of Wager of battle was abolished in England in 1819. Dueling was still available for some time, to settle issues. The truth is, whole nations still avail themselves of this remedy, producing monstrous wars.
In reading these examples, note that legality is about agreements and contractual relationships, not about the rule of right or righteousness, except in relation to agreements whether written or constructed.
Here are some example sentences that use the word.
- “For many legal purposes, a corporation is considered to be a ‘person,’ but at the moment of its creation, it is little more than a single piece of paper on record at a government office. The legal fiction, however, ensures that the corporation is subject to a wide number of laws and policies that are drafted such that they only apply to ‘people.”
- “Prior to placing our child up for adoption, we were required to acknowledge that we were ‘strangers’ to the child under the law, thus relinquishing our parental rights. It was a painful moment, but our lawyer advised us that it was a legal fiction that was needed to allow him to be adopted by his new parents.”
- “Members of Parliament in the United Kingdom are not permitted to retire, but there is a legal fiction that allows them to accept a nominal position that disqualifies them from further parliamentary service. It allows MPs to gracefully step down when it is time to yield their position.”
- Asset Forfeiture - The USA PATRIOT Act employs a legal fiction to give U.S. authorities seizure power over the funds of foreign banks held in U.S. interbank accounts.[15] If the U.S. government believes that illegal proceeds have been deposited in the foreign account of a foreign bank, it assumes those proceeds to have been deposited in an interbank account held in the United States. The government may then seize the funds from the interbank account. It need not establish that the funds are directly traceable to funds deposited into the foreign financial institution from whose account they were seized.[16]
- A legal fiction should not be employed to defeat law or result in illegality: it has been always stressed that a legal fiction should not be employed where it would result in the violation of any legal rule or moral injunction. In Sinclair v. Brougham 1914 AC 378 the House of Lords refused to extend the juridical basis of a quasi-contract to a case of an ultra vires borrowing by a limited company, since it would sanction the evasion of the rules of public policy forbidding an ultra vires borrowing by a company. In general, if it appears that a legal fiction is being used to circumvent an existing rule, the courts are entitled to disregard that fiction and look at the real facts. The doctrine of "piercing the corporate veil" is applied under those circumstances.
- Legal fiction should operate for the purpose for which it was created and should not be extended beyond its legitimate field.
- Legal fiction should not be extended so as to lead unjust results. For example, the fiction that the wife's personality is merged in that of the husband should not be extended to deny to the wife of a disqualified man the right to an inheritance when it opens. The wife of a murderer can succeed to the estate of the murdered man in her own right and will not be affected by the husband's disqualification.
- There cannot be a fiction upon a fiction. For example, in Hindu law, where a married person is given in adoption, and such person has a son at the time of adoption, the son does not pass into his father's adoptive family along with his father. He does not lose his gotra [lineage] and right of inheritance in the family of his birth. The second example would be that the adopted son would by a fiction be a real son of the adoptive father and his wife associated with the adoption. But to say that he will be the real son of all the wives of the adoptive father is a fiction upon fiction.
A legal fiction as a noun is a presumption of fact assumed by a court for convenience, consistency, or to achieve justice. There is an old adage: "Fictions arise from the law, and not law from fictions."
"A presumption is a deduction which the law expressly directs to be made from particular facts." (Code Civ. Proc., sec. 1959.) And "a presumption (unless declared by law to be conclusive) may be controverted by other evidence, direct or indirect: but unless controverted, the jury is bound to find according to the presumption." (Code Civ. Poc., sec. 1961 .) In re Bauer (1889), 79 Cal. 304, 30.
Juggling all these ideas together can cause people to argue in error while attempting to defend what they believe to be their rights, because they think that legal fictions are not valid and have no authority. They have sometimes done this while granting a cognizable jurisdiction when they are arguing against a jurisdiction based on their assumption that the court's authority extends from a legal fiction alone.
Remember that a corporation which is very real is also a legal fiction. The corporation is a result of contract, which is based on the right of the people to create a binding agreement. Rights granted or even secured by a corporation or any other fiction draws the claimant into the jurisdiction of the corporation and its contract.
"Protection draws subjection and subjection protection."
It is not the fiction that binds us, but rather our willingness to covet our neighbors' goods and labor for our personal benefit and reward; what binds us is our sloth, and our application for protection and welfare of the men who call themselves Benefactors but who exercise authority.
FICTION OF LAW
Bovier's Dictionary
- 1. The assumption that a certain thing is true, and which gives to a person or thing, a quality which is not natural to it, and establishes, consequently, a certain disposition, which, without the fiction, would be repugnant to reason and to truth. It is an order of things which does not exist, but which the law prescribe; or authorizes it differs from presumption, because it establishes as true, something which is false; whereas presumption supplies the proof of something true. Dalloz, Dict. h. t. See 1 Toull. 171, n. 203; 2 Toull. 217, n. 203; 11 Toull. 11, n. 10, note 2; Ferguson, Moral Philosophy, part 5, c. 10, s. 3 Burgess on Insolvency, 139, 140; Report of the Revisers of the Civil Code of Pennsylvania, March 1, 1832, p. 8.
- 2. The law never feigns what is impossible fictum est id quod factum non est sed fieri potuit. Fiction is like art; it imitates nature, but never disfigures it, it aids truth, but it ought never to destroy it. It may well suppose that what was possible, but which is not, exists; but it will never feign that what was impossible, actually is. D'Aguesseau, Oeuvres, tome iv. page 427, 47e Plaidoyer.
- 3. Fictions were invented by the Roman praetors, who, not possessing the power to abrogate[17] the law, were nevertheless willing to derogate[18] from it, under the pretence of doing equity. Fiction is the resource of weakness, which, in order to obtain its object, assumes as a fact, what is known to be contrary to truth: when the legislator desires to accomplish his object, he need not feign, he commands. Fictions of law owe their origin to the legislative usurpations of the bench. 4 Benth. Ev. 300.
- 4. It is said that every fiction must be framed according to the rules of law, and that every legal fiction must have equity for its object. 10 Co. 42; 10 Price's R. 154; Cowp. 177. To prevent, their evil effects, they are not allowed to be carried further than the reasons which introduced them necessarily require. 1 Lill. Ab. 610; Hawk. 320; Best on Pres. §20.
- 5. The law abounds in fictions. That an estate is in abeyance;[19] the doctrine of remitter, by which a party who has been disseised of his freehold, and afterwards acquires a defective title, is remitted to his former good title; that one thing done today, is considered as done, at a preceding time by the doctrine of relation; that, because one thing is proved, another shall be presumed to be true, which is the case in all presumptions; that the heir, executor, and administrator stand by representation, in the place of the deceased are all fictions of law. "Our various introduction of John Doe and Richard Roe," says Mr. Evans, (Poth. on Ob. by Evans, vol. n. p. 43,) "our solemn process upon disseisin by Hugh Hunt; our casually losing and finding a ship (which never was in Europe) in the parish of St. Mary Le Bow, in the ward of Cheap; our trying the validity of a will by an imaginary, wager of five pounds; our imagining and compassing the king's death, by giving information which may defeat an attack upon an enewy's settlement in the antipodes our charge of picking a pocket, or forging a bill with force and arms; of neglecting to repair a bridge, against the peace of our lord the king, his crown and dignity are circumstances, which, looked at by themselves, would convey an impression of no very favorable nature, with respect to the wisdom of our jurisprudence." Vide 13 Vin. Ab. 209; Merl. Rep. h. t.; Dane's Ab. Index, h. t.; and Rey, des Inst. de I'Angl. tome 2, p. 219, where he severely cesures these fictions as absurd and useless.
Modern Legal definition
- A legal fiction is created for the purpose of promoting the ends of justice. A common-law action, for example, allowed a father to bring suit against his daughter's seducer, based on the legal fiction of the loss of her services. Similarly, the law of torts encompasses the legal fiction of the rule of Vicarious Liability, which renders an employer responsible for the civil wrongs of his or her employees that are committed during their course of employment. Even though the employer generally is uninvolved in the actual act constituting the tort, the law holds the employer responsible since, through a legal fiction, he or she is deemed to be in direct control of the employee's actions. A seller of real estate might, for example, be liable in an action for Fraud committed by his or her agent in the course of a sale.
- Fictio legis inique operatur alieni damnum vel injuriam.
- Fiction of law is wrongful if it works loss or harm to anyone.
- Fictio juris non est ubi veritas.
- A fiction of law will not exist where the fact appears.
- Les fictions naissent de la loi, et non la loi des fictions.
- Fictions arise from the law, and not law from fictions.
- Fictio cedit veritati. Fictio juris non est ubi veritas.
- Fiction yields to truth. Where truth is, fiction of law does not exist.
A legal fiction is a fact assumed or created by courts, which is then used in order to apply a legal rule. Legal fiction allows an intellectual tradition of defining a legal standard, such as by way of a person, which has resulted in the creation of classic hypothetical figures in law like "the right-thinking member of society" or what would Jesus do, and it stretches back at least to Roman jurists in the figure of "the bonus paterfamilias".
Legal fictions are mostly encountered under common law systems.
Legal fictions may be counter-intuitive to those surprised to hear logic from fantasy as a means to administer justice in the modern course of everyday life, but they are preserved to advance public policy and preserve the rights of certain individuals and institutions.
Such an example is when a corporation is treated in judicial proceedings as if it were a "natural person", and thus it has the same legal rights and responsibilities as a natural person.
The term "legal fiction" is not usually used in a pejorative way, and has been likened to scaffolding around a building under construction.
Fiction Fallacy
Pacta servanda sunt
The following was taken in part from The Free Church Report.
Some people try to use the claim that governments, corporations, and other institutions are only "fiction of law" which are conjured out of our own imaginations and therefore have no valid power to demand performance or even regulate the choice of a free people.
This wishful thinking perpetuated by false logic and the assumption that we are a free people today and not in the bondage of Egypt.
If people were actually free there may be some truth in their freedom from arbitrary control.
Pacta servanda sunt
Agreements must be kept.
From the beginning, the leaders in early Israel were not to oppress one another nor strangers, covet their neighbor’s goods, nor do anything that might return the people to the bondage of Egypt.
But all the people were also told"
Agreements for dainties
And we were told if:
- "When thou sittest to eat with a ruler, consider diligently what [is] before thee: 2 And put a knife to thy throat, if thou [be] a man given to appetite. 3 Be not desirous of his dainties: for they [are] deceitful meat." Proverbs 23:1
We know what governments and rulers give us their benefits that come because they exercise authority over our neighbor forcing them to contribute despite Jesus's doctrine we were not to be that way.[22]
We know one of the reasons he told us not to be that way was because they were covetous practices that would make us merchandise and curse children.
Of course to get the dainties of governments of the world you usually have to sign something like an agreement or register.
To do all this while we think we are following the doctrines of Jesus is a strong delusion.
Those precepts of God are imposed upon the Church established by God. The Church was one form of government that was not of the world. It had a daily ministration of Pure Religion. The Modern Church does not.
If the members of the congregation of the people do not remain free in their relationship to each other and their ministers, then the perfect law of liberty, their God given rights, and their free soul under God shall diminish.
Each man must love his neighbor’s freedom as if it were his own. It is only the corpus of their sacrifice that is entrusted to solemnize the truth of the Church and the right to be ruled by God.
- 1 Peter 2:16 "As free, and not using [your] liberty for a cloke of maliciousness, but as the servants of God."
Every organization or government of men has its own rituals and ceremonies, rites and services, forms and protocols.
There must be meaning behind those forms to give substance to the whole of their creation. The Church and God’s kingdom have always been established on the same “precept upon precept”. The governments of the world often use their own precepts, too.
Binding charity
The people should never be unequally yoked.
Until the days of John the Baptist, men tried to establish the kingdom of God by force through legal charity. John the Baptist, Jesus, and all is j early Christians would only rely upon Fervent charity with no dependence upon "legal charity" nor the free bread from the Rome nor the Corban of the Pharisees. A dependence on any "legal charity" kills care and will lead to a loss of dominion[23], liberty, and freedom under God.
“Mammon”[24] means a trust or the entrusting of wealth to another.
The unrighteous mammon is wealth accumulated by force and fear or through covetous practices which will make you merchandise. Those who seek to live by His righteousness must learn to live by faith, hope, and charity.
In the daily ministration to the people, the ordained ministers each remain autonomous in the exercise of their God-given conscience.
By faith, hope, and charity, His kingdom of righteousness comes to life in the world, but not of the "world" which is where the masses become accustomed to the ways of fear, force and fealty.
The love of Christ is sealed in the blood of His sacrifice which provides all men their everlasting entrance to His kingdom at hand for those souls who will seek it. But they will not create a city of blood where the people bite one another until they are devoured.
“Stand fast therefore in the liberty wherewith Christ hath made us free, and be not entangled again with the yoke of bondage.” Galatians 5:1
Many of the people seeking the kingdom are entangled in yokes of bondage, debt, surety, and memberships.
Tables and snares
We were told that this would happen again:
"Let their table become a snare before them: and [that which should have been] for [their] welfare, [let it become] a trap. What should have been for your welfare." Psalms 69:22
"Paul reminds us of the same truth., "And David saith, Let their table be made a snare, and a trap, and a stumblingblock, and a recompence unto them:" Romans 11:9
We should have never trusted the genius of FDR nor LBJ just like early Christians would not trust the Genius of the Caesars who claimed to be the Son of God and the Savior of the Roman people. Because Caesar, who was the Emperator, Apotheos, and also held the offices of Tribunicia potestas,
Peter, Paul, James, and John Warned
Peter[25], Paul[26], James[27] and John[28]all 'warned the New Covenant Church that what they were doing and not doing would reveal the truth of their claim to faith in God and His Holy Spirit. Paul warned people to test their faith[29] to make sure they were not deceived or reprobates[30].
Even John warns that we need to walk according to what Jesus showed us and confess our sins if we are to be cleansed of unrighteousness.[31] John even gives the keeping of the commandments as the rod by which we measure the truth of our faith.[32] And those who do not keep the commandments are a liar and Christ is not in them.[33] Over and over John repeats that he that "doeth not righteousness" is not born again of Christ and the Father.[34] And John warns us that we may not only be deceived but may deceive ourselves [35] warning us of the many false teachers who are "out in the world".[36]
Jude 1:16 "These are murmurers, complainers, walking after their own lusts; and their mouth speaketh great swelling [words], having men’s persons in admiration because of advantage."
We are told that we are told in Jude 1:21 "Keep yourselves in the love of God, looking for the mercy of our Lord Jesus Christ unto eternal life. 22 And of some have compassion, making a difference: 23 And others save with fear, pulling [them] out of the fire; hating even the garment spotted by the flesh."
The Bible from the beginning warns[37] and continues those warnings throughout the New Testament that many will be decieved thinking they are believers while in truth they are workers of iniquity.[38] Because these warnings are ignored by the modern Church, the welfare of a foolish[39] society has become a snare.
- “It is impossible to introduce into society a greater change and a greater evil than this: the conversion of the law into an instrument of plunder.”[40]
If people were to repent and do as Christ commanded they might have a chance to be free again. Find out how Abraham, Moses, and Jesus freed the people from the bondage of Nimrod's Babylon, Pharaoh's Egypt and Caesar's Rome. Join the Network.
The Ordained Ministers in congregations, living under Christ’s commands, must be unbound in their ministry just as they are bound to Christ. In His Church, the overseers in congregations that may be called orders of the Church neither exercise authority nor stand between God and man’s righteous worship. But they do stand between those men who would be gods over neighbors and brothers. The ordained minister must remain foreign to the world - in it, but not of it.
In this divine arrangement established by God, there is a balance of choice and power.
This divine design of choice in service, of brotherhood and community, forges one body, one nation under God conceived in love, propagated by free benefaction, and sealed in hope forever and ever, amen.
“For as the body is one, and hath many members, and all the members of that one body, being many, are one body: so also [is] Christ. For by one Spirit are we all baptized into one body, whether [we be] Jews or Gentiles, whether [we be] bond or free; and have been all made to drink into one Spirit. For the body is not one member, but many... But now [are they] many members, yet but one body.” (1 Corinthians 2:12, 20)
The authority by which a corporation or body is formed is the authority of original jurisdiction. Centuries ago, some churches began to incorporate under other authorities so that they might hold property in their own name rather than Christ’s. The Church, by definition, was formed and established by Christ alone, and remains autonomous under the Sovereignty of Christ only if it adheres to His authority faithfully.
The Church is the body or corpus of Christ. The congregations are free souls who follow the ways of Christ under the perfect law of liberty. They may not covet their neighbor’s goods by the agency of institutions of men, but shall seek only to be of service to one another.
Together with the early Church, they form a righteous mammon, the kingdom of God at hand, and survived the fall of Rome.
Law
Law |
Natural Law |
Legal title |
Common Law |
Fiction of law |
Stare decisis |
Jury |
Voir dire |
Consent |
Contract |
Parental contract |
Government |
Civil law |
Civil Rights |
Civil Government |
Governments |
No Kings |
Canon law |
Cities of refuge |
Levites |
Citizen |
Equity |
The Ten Laws |
Law of the Maat |
Bastiat's The Law and Two Trees |
Trees |
The Occupy Refuge Movement |
Clive Bundy |
Hammond |
Barcroft |
Benefactors |
Gods |
Jury |
Sanhedrin |
Protection |
Weightier matters |
Social contract |
Community Law |
Perfect law of liberty |
Power to change |
Covet |
Rights |
Anarchist |
Agorism |
Live as if the state does not exist |
Footnotes
- ↑ Chapter 2. of the book The Covenants of the gods
Law vs Legal
Audio http://keysofthekingdom.info/COG-02.mp3
Text http://www.hisholychurch.org/study/gods/cog2lvl.php - ↑ The concept of the law treating corporate entities as if they were persons dates back to Ancient Rome. The 14th Amendment did the same thing. The corporation is itself incapable of loyalty or enmity, but the spirit of those within in provide the spirit.
- ↑ Related to a corporation's nationality is its residence. This can be jurisdictionally difficult, as a typical "multinational" has domiciles in several countries. There are at least two questions in this realm. 1) Where does a company reside? Usually, it resides in the place of incorporation or in the place of its registered office (called the 'nerve center'). 2) Where is the significantly larger business activity of the corporation, in terms of it's interactions with the public?
- ↑ Maine, Ancient Law, in THE PROBLEMS OF JURISPRUDENCE 371 (L. Fuller ed. 1946). Concerned with fictions of Roman law and jurisdictional common law fictions, we see, "The fact is in both cases that the law has been wholly changed; the fiction is that it remains what it always was." Id. at 370.
- ↑ born 1748 Jeremy Bentham was a British philosopher, jurist, and social reformer. He is regarded as the founder of modern utilitarianism.
- ↑ Clark’s Summary of American Law. p 530.
- ↑ 1Samuel Adams, Our Sacred Honor, Bennett, 217, 1779 - letter to James Warren.
- ↑ The condition of being susceptible to bribery or corruption. The use of a position of trust for dishonest gain. The American Heritage® Dictionary.
- ↑ Notes on the State of Virginia, Query 19, 1787. Thomas Jefferson
- ↑ Thomas Paine: Collected Writings , Foner ed., Library of America Common Sense.
- ↑ The Writings of Samuel Adams, Cushing, ed., vol. 4, 124, 1779 - letter to James Warren.
- ↑ Federal. a. [from L. faedus, a league, allied perhaps to Eng. wed. L. vas, vadis, vador, vadimonium. See Heb. to pledge.] 1. Pertaining to a league or contract; derived from an agreement or covenant between parties, particularly between nations. The Romans, contrary to federal right, compelled them to part with Sardinia. 2. Consisting in a compact between parties, particularly and chiefly between states or nations; founded on alliance by contract or mutual agreement; as a federal government, such as that of the United States. 3. Friendly to the constitution of the United States. [See the Noun.]1828 Webster's Dictionary.
- ↑ The Letters of Richard Henry Lee, Ballagh, ed., vol. 2, p.411, 1786 - letter to Colonel Martin Pickett.
- ↑ West's Encyclopedia of American Law, edition 2. Copyright 2008 The Gale Group, Inc. All rights reserved.
- ↑ 18 U.S.C. § 981(k)
- ↑ Extraterritorial Application of the USA PATRIOT Act Prepared for: BUNDESVERBAND ÖFFENTLICHER BANKEN DEUTSCHLANDS, Robert J. Graves, Jones Day
- ↑ repeal or do away with (a law, right, or formal agreement).
- ↑ disparage (someone or something).
- ↑ the position of being without, or waiting for, an owner or claimant.
- ↑ Curtis Bean Dall, (1896 – June 28, 1991) was an American stockbroker, Vice-Presidential candidate, author, and the first husband of Anna Eleanor Roosevelt, daughter of Franklin Delano Roosevelt and Eleanor Roosevelt, FDR's son-in-law as quoted in his book, My Exploited Father-in-Law published 1967\See also Curtis Bean Dall Papers, 1932-1942
Who Controls our Nation's Federal Policies — and Why? Torrance, California: Noontide Press, 1973.
The War Lords of Washington (Secrets of Pearl Harbor): An Interview with Col. Curtis B. Dall. by Anthony J. Hilder, Spotlight, 1991. 45 pages. ISBN 978-0935036435. - ↑ "And when the LORD thy God shall deliver them before thee; thou shalt smite them, [and] utterly destroy them; thou shalt make no covenant with them, nor shew mercy unto them:" Deuteronomy 7:2
- ↑ Matthew 20:25 But Jesus called them [unto him], and said, Ye know that the princes of the Gentiles exercise dominion over them, and they that are great exercise authority upon them.
- Mark 10:42 But Jesus called them [to him], and saith unto them, Ye know that they which are accounted to rule over the Gentiles exercise lordship over them; and their great ones exercise authority upon them.
- Luke 22:25 And he said unto them, The kings of the Gentiles exercise lordship over them; and they that exercise authority upon them are called benefactors.
- ↑ legal title
- ↑ “Mammon, an Aramaic word mamon meaning ‘wealth’ … It is probably derived from Ma’amon, something entrusted to safe keeping.” Encyclopedia Britannica.
- ↑ “Wherefore the rather, brethren, give diligence to make your calling and election sure: for if ye do these things, ye shall never fall: For so an entrance shall be ministered unto you abundantly into the everlasting kingdom of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ.” 2 Peter 1:10, 11
- 2 Peter 2:14 "Having eyes full of adultery, and that cannot cease from sin; beguiling unstable souls: an heart they have exercised with covetous practices; curse children:"
- 2 Peter 2:3 "And through covetousness shall they with feigned words make merchandise of you: whose judgment now of a long time lingereth not, and their damnation slumbereth not."
- ↑ 2 Timothy 3:1 ¶ This know also, that in the last days perilous times shall come. 2 For men shall be lovers of their own selves, covetous, boasters, proud, blasphemers, disobedient to parents, unthankful, unholy, 3 Without natural affection, trucebreakers, false accusers, incontinent, fierce, despisers of those that are good,
4 Traitors, heady, highminded, lovers of pleasures more than lovers of God; 5 Having a form of godliness, but denying the power thereof: from such turn away. 6 For of this sort are they which creep into houses, and lead captive silly women laden with sins, led away with divers lusts, 7 Ever learning, and never able to come to the knowledge of the truth. 8 Now as Jannes and Jambres withstood Moses, so do these also resist the truth: men of corrupt minds, reprobate concerning the faith. 9 But they shall proceed no further: for their folly shall be manifest unto all men, as theirs also was. 10 ¶ But thou hast fully known my doctrine, manner of life, purpose, faith, longsuffering, charity, patience, 11 Persecutions, afflictions, which came unto me at Antioch, at Iconium, at Lystra; what persecutions I endured: but out of them all the Lord delivered me. 12 Yea, and all that will live godly in Christ Jesus shall suffer persecution. 13 But evil men and seducers shall wax worse and worse, deceiving, and being deceived. 14 But continue thou in the things which thou hast learned and hast been assured of, knowing of whom thou hast learned them; 15 And that from a child thou hast known the holy scriptures, which are able to make thee wise unto salvation through faith which is in Christ Jesus.
- Ephesians 5:1 ¶ Be ye therefore followers of God, as dear children; 2 And walk in love, as Christ also hath loved us, and hath given himself for us an offering and a sacrifice to God for a sweetsmelling savour. 3 ¶ But fornication, and all uncleanness, or covetousness, let it not be once named among you, as becometh saints; 4 Neither filthiness, nor foolish talking, nor jesting, which are not convenient: but rather giving of thanks. 5 For this ye know, that no whoremonger, nor unclean person, nor covetous man, who is an idolater, hath any inheritance in the kingdom of Christ and of God. 6 Let no man deceive you with vain words: for because of these things cometh the wrath of God upon the children of disobedience. 7 Be not ye therefore partakers with them. 8 For ye were sometimes darkness, but now are ye light in the Lord: walk as children of light: 9 (For the fruit of the Spirit is in all goodness and righteousness and truth;) 10 Proving what is acceptable unto the Lord. 11 And have no fellowship with the unfruitful works of darkness, but rather reprove them.
- "Stand fast therefore in the liberty wherewith Christ hath made us free, and be not entangled again with the yoke of bondage." Galatians 5:1 Galatians 5:15 "But if ye bite and devour one another, take heed that ye be not consumed one of another."
- 1 Corinthians 6:9 "Know ye not that the unrighteous shall not inherit the kingdom of God? Be not deceived: neither fornicators, nor idolaters, nor adulterers, nor effeminate, nor abusers of themselves with mankind, 10 Nor thieves, nor covetous, nor drunkards, nor revilers, nor extortioners, shall inherit the kingdom of God.
- ↑ James 1:21 Wherefore lay apart all filthiness and superfluity of naughtiness, and receive with meekness the engrafted word, which is able to save your souls. 22 But be ye doers of the word, and not hearers only, deceiving your own selves. 23 For if any be a hearer of the word, and not a doer, he is like unto a man beholding his natural face in a glass: 24 For he beholdeth himself, and goeth his way, and straightway forgetteth what manner of man he was. 25 But whoso looketh into the perfect law of liberty, and continueth therein, he being not a forgetful hearer, but a doer of the work, this man shall be blessed in his deed.
- James 5:12 ¶ But above all things, my brethren, swear not, neither by heaven, neither by the earth, neither by any other oath: but let your yea be yea; and [your] nay, nay; lest ye fall into condemnation.
- ↑ 1 John 1:6 If we say that we have fellowship with him, and walk in darkness, we lie, and do not the truth:
- 1 John 2:6 He that saith he abideth in him ought himself also so to walk, even as he walked.
- 1 John 2:11 But he that hateth his brother is in darkness, and walketh in darkness, and knoweth not whither he goeth, because that darkness hath blinded his eyes.
- 2 John 1:4 I rejoiced greatly that I found of thy children walking in truth, as we have received a commandment from the Father.
- 2 John 1:6 And this is love, that we walk after his commandments. This is the commandment, That, as ye have heard from the beginning, ye should walk in it.
- 3 John 1:3 For I rejoiced greatly, when the brethren came and testified of the truth that is in thee, even as thou walkest in the truth. 4 I have no greater joy than to hear that my children walk in truth... 11 Beloved, follow not that which is evil, but that which is good. He that doeth good is of God: but he that doeth evil hath not seen God.
- ↑ 2 Corinthians 13:5 Examine yourselves, whether ye be in the faith; prove your own selves. Know ye not your own selves, how that Jesus Christ is in you, except ye be reprobates?(The word reprobate is from adokimos meaning not standing the test, not approved) But I trust that ye shall know that we are not reprobates.
- ↑ 96 ~ἀδόκιμος~ adokimos \@ad-ok’-ee-mos\@ from 1 (as a negative particle) and 1384; adj AV-reprobate 6, castaway 1, rejected 1; 8
- 1) not standing the test, not approved (See warnings)
- 1a) properly used of metals and coins
- 2) that which does not prove itself such as it ought
- 2a) unfit for, unproved, spurious, reprobate
- 1) not standing the test, not approved (See warnings)
- ↑ 1 John 1:7 But if we walk in the light, as he is in the light, we have fellowship one with another, and the blood of Jesus Christ his Son cleanseth us from all sin. 8 If we say that we have no sin, we deceive ourselves, and the truth is not in us. 9 If we confess our sins, he is faithful and just to forgive us our sins, and to cleanse us from all unrighteousness.
- ↑ 1 John 2:3 ¶ And hereby we do know that we know him, if we keep his commandments.
- ↑ 1 John 2:4 He that saith, I know him, and keepeth not his commandments, is a liar, and the truth is not in him.
- ↑ 1 John 2:29 If ye know that he is righteous, ye know that every one that doeth righteousness is born of him.
- 1 John 3:7 "Little children, let no man deceive you: he that doeth righteousness is righteous, even as he is righteous. 8 He that committeth sin is of the devil; for the devil sinneth from the beginning. For this purpose the Son of God was manifested, that he might destroy the works of the devil. 9 Whosoever is born of God doth not commit sin; for his seed remaineth in him: and he cannot sin, because he is born of God. 10 In this the children of God are manifest, and the children of the devil: whosoever doeth not righteousness is not of God, neither he that loveth not his brother.
- 1 John 3:24 And he that keepeth his commandments dwelleth in him, and he in him. And hereby we know that he abideth in us, by the Spirit which he hath given us.
- ↑ 1 John 1:8 If we say that we have no sin, we deceive ourselves, and the truth is not in us.
- 2 John 1:7 For many deceivers are entered into the world, who confess not that Jesus Christ is come in the flesh. This is a deceiver and an antichrist.
- ↑ 1 John 4:1 ¶ Beloved, believe not every spirit, but try the spirits whether they are of God: because many false prophets are gone out into the world.
- ↑ Exodus 23:32, 34:12-15, 20:1-17, Deuteronomy 13:8, 17:16, Judges 2:2, 1 Samuel 8; 13:13, Proverbs 1:10-19, Proverbs 23, Psalms 69:22. See also Ezekiel 11:3-11, Micah 3:3; Exodus 16:3.
- ↑ 1 Corinthians 4:14 I write not these things to shame you, but as my beloved sons I warn you.
- Colossians 1:28 Whom we preach, warning every man, and teaching every man in all wisdom; that we may present every man perfect in Christ Jesus:
- 1 Thessalonians 5:14 Now we exhort you, brethren, warn them that are unruly, comfort the feebleminded, support the weak, be patient toward all men.
- Hebrews 11:7 By faith Noah, being warned of God of things not seen as yet, moved with fear, prepared an ark to the saving of his house; by the which he condemned the world, and became heir of the righteousness which is by faith.
- Matthew 6:9, 23:9, 5:34... 20:25, Mark 10:42, Luke 4:18, 22:25, 1 Corinthians 7:21, 2 Corinthians 6:16, James 5:12, 1 Peter 2:16, Romans 7:7, 13:9, 11:9, Colossians 3:5, Hebrews 13:5, 2 Peter 2:3-14, 2 Peter 2:19, 2 Timothy 2:26,1:1, 9
- ↑ 1 Samuel 13:13
- ↑ Frederic Bastiat, 1801 – 1850, French theorist, political economist.
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