Strangers and pilgrims

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The Pilgrims in America were not called pilgrims until almost two hundred years after they arrived. When someone used that term they probably drew it from Hebrews 11:13 and 1 Peter 2:11.

They called themselves friends and everyone else strangers.


Signing the Mayflower Compact in 1620 was not forming a government. In fact, it was an agreement to prevent the formation of a government. It was a social contact between two societies, who were both Strangers and pilgrims. Painting by Jean Leon Gerome Ferris 1899.


The Mayflower Compact

Over the course of time, our nation, with new members and new ideas and the new wilderness of modern civilization, has been re-formed for good and bad until our view of history becomes more fiction than reality. To take an insightful look at the roots and realities of our nation's beginning in the days of the Strangers and pilgrims may give us a new view of our own pilgrimage on this planet and the strangers we have become to our own ancestral forefathers.

The more we know about the people of the past the richer our understanding of the present may become. If we look at ourselves in the present with the same critical eye that we use to gaze at the populations of our past the better we will be able to prepare the future of our children.

"The Politics of Thanksgiving Day" by William Loren Katz desires that the reader sees William Bradford’s account as a mere "claim" and "fable" and "an early example of 'Euro think'".

Kats and others like Howard Zinn or the 1619 Project get away with this bias account because they appeal to the prejudices, jealousy, envy, and hate of the masses who are ignorant of the whole history and they desire to believe these simplistic and even false accounts rather than research the details to know and understand the whole truth.

Zinn and his advocates are not merely revisionist but actual fabricators, through projection and omission, of a false historical account which is a product of an agenda.

History is the individual story of people, good and bad, collected without prejudice or bias into an image of the past. True history is not the story of an artificially produced collective identity based on modern intersectionality[1] labels to promote personal prejudices and failed social agendas.

The pilgrims and those native Americans who embraced them as allies were more concerned with survival than things like "intersectionality". They both feared annihilation by other larger native American tribes that had already shifted away from the wisdom of their prophets and had begun engaging in a "manifest destiny" philosophy appearing in their own interpretation of the White Pine confederation.

The "intersectionality" is a form of tribalism that eventually underminds the essential bonds of a free society.

The same distortions are found in the handling of the Mayflower Compact. One historian wrote, " The Mayflower Compact stands as a document and an idea that rivals Magna Carta and The Declaration of Independence."

The Mayflower Compact, Magna Carta, and The Declaration of Independence are completely different documents written in different contexts, for different purposes, and from different points of view. If you do not know those details you will not understand the documents.

History is not what you want it to be but it is actually what happened in the past. That is often difficult to find out since accounts may vary and often carry with them their own prejudices and bias. The details are hard to obtain and when historians simply omit them the lord of lies shall rule our thinking with confusion.

I even heard a pastor state during the Thanksgiving holidays that when the Pilgrims signed the Mayflower Compact it was a great moment in American history where men came together and decided to “give their leaders the power to make laws.”

Nothing could be further from the truth. This thinking may stem from changes wrought in our modern public education system that has often expressed a different view of history than those who actually lived it.

It is also a view born out of a false biblical doctrine that suggests that all governments are instituted by God.

Beseeching and Binding

What was really occurring on the Mayflower and in the minds of these courageous but different men and women may be lost to history. There was a lot more intrigue and conflict than what is commonly taught in modern school books.

Most of the Separatists did sign the Mayflower Compact, but only a few of the Strangers[2] would put their hand to it. Yet it was the Separatists who desired the document. Not to bind themselves but to assure the Strangers of their own loyalty and to ensure that the Strangers would remain with the separatists.

That fact alone should demand further investigation.

The Separatist had struggled for many hard years sacrificing their lives and fortunes trying to escape from the “dread Sovereign Lord, King James” or, for that matter, any King but Christ. They were seeking to establish a free Church. In previous attempts to escape from England to Holland some had their property seized and were put in prison.

While the Separatists were willing to say "Farewell, Rome. Farewell, Babylon", others would only say "Farewell, dear England! Farewell the Christian church in England, and all the Christian friends there."[3]

Much was going on in England and the world. There would soon be a civil war to establish a Republic in England. A king would lose his head. Men were being brutalized and burned at the stake for their religious beliefs. The King James bible, among others, was being published. Religious and civil controversy lingered around every corner. There was a whole new world that presented an opportunity for wealth and power to some and freedom under God for others.

The Separatists saw another opportunity or maybe had a higher standard, or a more impassioned zeal concerning the teachings of Christ and were willing to seek what they saw as the Gospel of the Kingdom. They were willing to give up comfort and security and risk all to follow their faith and free His Church from kings and popes. Wherever they went their moral character won them friends, admiration and respect. But their religious zeal to live in the world but not of it was often persecuted with jealousy or contempt.

People were often suspicious of these Separatists because of their “congregational” beliefs, which were the antitheses of the centralized, exercising authority of Rome or the Church of England. They were often suspected of conspiring because they would accept no head of the Church but Christ; not even the King. They believed the Church of England could not be reformed.

When the pilgrims and the Captain insisted on staying in the wrong place where they had landed the Strangers began to suspect there was something amiss and were voicing "discontented and mutinous speeches."[4]

While good conspiracies are always hard to prove - especially 400 years after the fact - there can be no doubt that if the Strangers, consisting of more than half their party, were going to leave them and head south to where they were supposed to have landed, it would have spelled disaster and death for the Pilgrims.

Stephen Hopkins, a loyal subject of the King, was recruited by the Merchant Adventurers to provide governance for the colony. He had been to America before and proved himself resourceful enough to make the threat of going south to where they were supposed to land a reality.[5]

The Separatists had conspired to escape the authority of the king before. There was some evidence that they were conspiring again. Brewster, a leader of one of their congregations, had disappeared for some time before the Mayflower began its voyage and their landing in New Plymouth and demands to settle there outside of the jurisdiction of their Patent seemed to confirm those suspicions in the mind of some of the Strangers, who were loyal to King and the Company.

They had all signed contracts, which resulted from the Virginia Company issuance of the First Peirce Patent[6], with a company of merchants who were financing this venture in the new world for the purpose of making a profit. But there were other merchants[7] who were desperate to find dedicated upright souls like the Separatists. Men who would have the courage and conviction to make their fortunes and investments secure were hard to find. They would not mind seeing the Virginia Company finance the Separatists' journey to the New World, only to eventually reap the reward of that settlement for themselves.

There were several agreements binding different companies in the New World. All these institutions were subject to the office of King James.[8]

A plan

Because the Pilgrims landed outside of the jurisdiction of Jamestown and the Virginia Company of London they had no legal “paper” giving them permission to settle in that location.

The Separatists had spent years trying to negotiate a favorable contract with the Virginia Company. There were a number of unexplainable events that had taken place that could lead an astute historian to suspect that landing in Plymouth was no accident, but the result of a plan.

Yet, so many things had gone wrong. The turning back of the Speedwell, the late departure from England and arrival in the New World, and the hope of any aid that might have been arranged secretly was diminished with their late arrival and the apparent absence of expected assistance. If there had been alternate resources arranged in secret by the Separatist leader with another company they now failed to appear the pilgrims would need the Strangers.

Had there been secret offers from other entrepreneurs that could work to their advantage if they settled in the wrong place? Were they expecting to find aid nearby or somewhere that they could have reached it if the Speedwell had made the trip? If Hopkins and the majority took off and went south they would have little chance of surviving. In any case, without mutual effort, the settlement might not only fail, but they might all perish in the process.

The Strangers were not seeking the same liberty as these religious zealots and suspected them of trying to escape what they believed was a rightful sovereign power. The Separatists knew they would need to establish some agreement with the Strangers by mentioning the “dread Sovereign Lord, King James” to ensure some sort of loyalty in the life-and-death task before them.

The Mayflower Compact was an interim agreement to govern their mutual conduct to keep the strangers there and working with them. Under the given conditions it likely appeared attractive even to the Separatists.

Compact of doubt

They would all need something to bind them together since the company Indenture and Patents no longer applied. By words of the Mayflower Compact were trying to prove to the Strangers that they were in mutual agreement. This was done to keep themselves from any discord or abandonment that could lead to the death of the entire community. They could not know that half of them would be dead by the end of their first year. The truth was, before they were done, it would be their personal sacrifice, committed honor and practiced virtue that bound them all as a people - not a Compact on paper.

The original Mayflower Compact[9] did not survive but I am pretty sure God's signature is not on that document or any other government document created by the hand of man. Governments are allowed by God, but they are instituted by men, not God. And many governments, even those created by the consent or by the voice of the people, are not only contrary to what God desires for men but in truth are historically a rejection of God.[10]

Institutions of God

That is not to say that there is no government that is instituted by God. But simply put, except for the rarest of exceptions, most governments instituted by men are fundamentally flawed because men are flawed. The Pilgrims, like many before them and since, were simply trying to find their way back to a state of righteous liberty under God with varying degrees of success and failure.

God seems to have instituted the governing relationship and union of man and woman. But binding people together in groups of families to form nations governed by rulers seems to be an invention of Cain[11] and Lemech, if not Nimrod himself.[12] Most of these city-states were established by contracts and consent at first and later by brute force. What God established, besides the family, was the Ten Commandments which contained a prohibition against making contracts and covenants.[13]


Audio Pilgrims and social compacts. The free assemblies of ten elders is CORE in a free a Church plan commanded by Christ.
http://www.hisholychurch.net/kkvv/x3folder/140113societypaths04Core.mp3


Institutions of man

Throughout the Bible we see stories of God and His prophets delivering men out of the hands of governments that are making laws and ruling over the people. Once the full extent of God's disapproval of this addiction of men to consent to rulers and grant more and more power to men is understood, it would seem strange to find any faithful minister of Christ praising the idea of giving men the power to make laws and rule over them.

From Nimrod to Egypt or Saul to the cry of the Pharisees[14] there is little biblical evidence praising the voice of the people[15] when they relinquish rights granted by God and allow men rule over those rights.

The Mayflower Compact was not a “forerunner of the Declaration of Independence nor the Constitution.”[16] There is some serious question as to why passengers on the Mayflower even felt it was needed or what effect it actually had. The idea that this was the beginning of government or granting the power of any men in that place to rule and make laws for everyone else is absurd.

History is replete with men who learned to govern themselves and those who would govern their brothers or neighbors. The success stories include men who were self-sacrificing and full of virtue, and the history of the failures is born of another ilk.

In the days of early American settlements men came here for a variety of reasons and diversity of moral values. Some came for wealth and adventure, some for liberty to sin and some for liberty to serve God.

Phineas Pratt in his own narration of his arrival on these shores in 1622 said, “In the time of spiritual darkness, when the State Ecclesiastical of Rome ruled and over ruled most of the nations of Europe, it pleased God to give wisdom to many, kings and people, in breaking that spiritual yoke.”

The Separatists who came on the Mayflower were the Brownists of Leiden. Robert Browne taught that a congregation should autonomously run its own affairs. He and his brother had obtained preaching licenses from the authorities but Robert burned his in protest. By 1579, he was openly criticizing what was called the Church, its administration and leadership in Cambridge and was promptly arrested and jailed.

During 1583 a Proclamation banned the buying, selling or possession of his writings which led to the hanging of John Copping and Elias Thacker for selling Browne's “seditious” writings on faith and the Church.[17]

There had been a melding of the right arm of civil or royal government with the will of the Church for some time in England. Since men of the Church began to crown other men over their brothers, kings felt it profitable to enforce the will of men claiming to be the Church and servants of God.

These claims were beginning to be questioned by the people. They believed that the real Church was cut from a different cloth than that of those who claimed the office and often put their lives on the line just to ask the question,

  • “What does the Church established by Christ really look like?”

Other questions arise as we attempt to answer that:


Some Questions

More Questions

To find the answers, we must seek and strive to do what Jesus said the way He said to do it... Including attending to the Weightier matters of the law, judgment, mercy, and faith which include caring for the needs of our neighbors and the widows and orphans of our society through Pure Religion in matters of health, education, and welfare. We are NOT to provide for the needy of society through the Covetous Practices and the men who call themselves benefactors but who exercise authority one over the other like the socialists do.

The Way of Christ was like neither the way of the world of Rome nor the governments of the gentiles who depend on those fathers of the earth through force, fear and fealty who deliver the people back in bondage again like they were in Egypt. Christ's ministers and true Christians do not depend upon systems of social welfare that force the contributions of the people like the corban of the Pharisees which made the word of God to none effect. Many people have been deceived to go the way of Balaam and the Nicolaitan and out of The Way of Christ and have become workers of iniquity.

The Christian conflict with Rome in the first century Church appointed by Christ was because they would not apply to the fathers of the earth for their free bread but instead relied upon a voluntary network providing a daily ministration to the needy of society through Faith, Hope, and Charity by way of freewill offerings of the people, for the people, and by the people through the perfect law of liberty in Free Assemblies according to the ancient pattern of Tuns or Tens as He commanded.

The modern Christians are in need of repentance.

"Follow me!" —Jesus the Christ.

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Change

The original forefathers of this nation were those who signed Constitutions but the people who came here struggling and striving to make a new life for themselves and their children. They were the people who risked all so that their posterity might have a better life. They did not come for ease and comfort, but knowing that it would be hard they were still willing to endeavor. They took the responsibility and burdens of a free society by bearing the duty and obligation of an individuals within that society.

The forefathers of this nation included everyone who came for any reason and also those people who were here already. They were all pilgrims in this life and strangers to each other but life has a way of teaching us that which we have not yet learned in in this mix of mankind and with that a nation was born.

Those who came were like the migrating tribes of America composed of good and bad men with a variety of ideas and a multiplicity of intents and moral character. The Native American Confederacy was to guide the original inhabitants of the land to peace. But "Peace is lodged in the heart"[19] of men and not on paper nor strings of beads.

There was a short step from questioning the Church to questioning the kings and magistrates who wheeled the sword in its defense. Millions of people had been mutilated and murdered in defense of the doctrines of what said it was the Church appointed by the prince of Peace. Most of the people in England bowed to the King or the Pope as the head of the Church and those who bowed to Christ alone as the head of the Church were suspected of heresy if not treason or both.

“The Brownists believe that every congregation should constitute and independent, self-governing body, and should use no forms of prayer.”[20] William “Brewster helped establish the Separatist Church of Scrooby, which believed that the foundation of the Church was God's Spirit.” [21]

It was these congregationalists, like the Brownists, who were calling themselves “Separatists”. They were a minority on board the Mayflower. The Separatist called the others on board “Strangers”. The Strangers called themselves "loyal subjects" of King James and members of the Church of England. In fact only 27 of the adults were Separatists. Of the of the original 102 settlers 32 were children and the remaining 43 adults were Strangers.

In the Mayflower Compact there is no reference to giving any leaders the power to make law, tax the individual or force compliance to arbitrary laws made by leaders elected. There is a recognition of the “dread Sovereign Lord, King James” and there is an agreement to “mutually” work together as a “Body Politick” for their “Preservation” of all “by Virtue” “for the General good of the Colony”. [22]

This compact was a social contract which is an “agreement, or covenant by which men are said to have abandoned the ‘state of nature’ to form the society in which they now live...” It “Assumes that men at first lived in a state of anarchy where there was no society, no government, and no organized coercion of the individual by the group… by the social contract men had surrendered their natural liberties in order to enjoy the order and safety of the organized state.” [23]

The reference here to anarchy will confuse modern citizenry that believes the term is synonymous with chaos. Anarchy has acquired as many definitions over the years as the word government. “A social state in which there is no governing person or group of people, but each individual has absolute liberty (without the implication of disorder).” [24]

“Anarchists are those who advocate the absence of the state, arguing that common sense would allow people to come together in agreement to form a functional society allowing for the participants to freely develop their own sense of morality, ethics or principled behaviour. The rise of anarchism as a philosophical movement occurred in the mid 19th century, with its idea of freedom as being based upon political and economic self-rule.” [25]

This is not to suggest that there is or should be no law, but simply non enacted by men alone to regulate the individual lives of the people or their God given right. The creator of the universe put in motion basics laws that govern the disciplines or science of nature and therefore society in a natural state. Some times those laws are written on stones or paper by and through the opinions of men. Unless they are also written on the hearts and minds of men alternatives systems may be required. The compacts and constitutions are often established in the vacuum of a virtue-less society to its own detriment.

Early Israel had no kings to exercise authority one over the other. [26] And when Jesus appointed the kingdom to His disciples [27] they were told not to “exercise authority one over the other” like the other governments instituted by men.[28] These ambassadors of Christ were claiming there was another king, one Jesus, and were clearly governing and provide for themselves without applying to the benefactors of the Roman or Pharisaic governments.

The governments instituted by men as an alternative to the Kingdom of God are often accomplished with Covenants, Compacts and Constitutions. [29] For those systems to be lawful they must be created by some form of consent. [30]

A social contract is when a man casts in his lot with other men, abandoning his original Natural State under God, in exchange for the social security offered by an organized corporate body or State. With the surrender of his “natural liberties”, he becomes part of a larger whole with certain advantages and disadvantages.

This contracting of rights, often in exchange of benefits, is done at the cost of liberty. Through his trust in this larger body politic, he becomes a partaker of the whole body or nation. He has created this new State with his own hands.

By striking hands with that corporate State, a man goes under a new authority, abandoning his natural liberty, to be captured in the web of his own creation, [31] often in hope of gain.

In 1620, the Pilgrims attempted to establish the “City of God”, ironically based upon a social contract, the Mayflower Compact with “Strangers”. Although the Compact was short lived and granted no real centralized authority there would be other agreements which would bring people into subjection.

The Bible warns [32] us over and over again about making contracts with others that bind us to service or subjection and these warnings continued through out the New Testament. [33] Because these warnings are disregarded or ignored by the modern Church some people, through social compact, give the state the power to take from its members for the welfare of society. That power has been deemed a foolish rejection of God.[34] “It is impossible to introduce into society a greater change and a greater evil than this: the conversion of the law into an instrument of plunder.” [35]

This was not the terms nor purpose of the Mayflower Compact. It was not a delegation of power but a mutual plea for cooperation for the good of all. While the written compact was signed in hope of binding their loyalty one to another, it would be the blood, sweat and tears they would shed together that would forge the true bonds of society. The whole story of these pilgrims, both Separatists and Strangers, may never be entirely known.

One thing is clear that they came to change the wilderness and were changed by it.


Still Strangers and Pilgrims

Today, some think we are still "strangers and pilgrims on the earth" without a city. But that does not seem to have been the consensus in the early Church. Of course they were doing things much differently than modern Christians who seem to have lost their way or at least the way of Christ.

The early Christians had a city. But it was not a fixed city on the land like London or New York or Los Angeles which will crumble into the ground some day. Theirs was a city of light and righteousness.

To find that city of light you cannot just leave the "city" you are in today. You have to repent and seek the kingdom of God and His righteousness by striving to attend to the weightier matters of the law according to the way of Christ.

Hebrews 11:13 "These all died in faith, not having received the promises, but having seen them afar off, and were persuaded of [them], and embraced [them], and confessed that they were strangers and pilgrims on the earth. For they that say such things declare plainly that they seek a country. And truly, if they had been mindful of that country from whence they came out, they might have had opportunity to have returned. But now they desire a better country, that is, an heavenly: wherefore God is not ashamed to be called their God: for he hath prepared for them a city."

The word city is polis[36] in the Greek.

Jesus uses the same word in Matthew 5:14, "Ye are the light of the world. A city that is set on a hill cannot be hid." He is instructing his apostles and followers to be that light and city as he continues in Matthew 5:16 "Let your light so shine before men, that they may see your good works, and glorify your Father which is in heaven."

The people of Israel were pilgrims and strangers but the Hebrews passage is talking about the city that actually is given to us, not as a location, but as something to be a part of.

Hebrews 12:22 "But ye are come unto mount Sion, and unto the city of the living God, the heavenly Jerusalem, and to an innumerable company of angels, To the general assembly and church of the firstborn, which are written in heaven, and to God the Judge of all, and to the spirits of just men made perfect, And to Jesus the mediator of the new covenant..."

Jesus appointed His Church to be the Benefactors of the people with out exercising authority one over the other. They cannot do this without the people taking back the responsibility of being the children of God and the citizens of His city of light.

Separating oneself from the world does not keep us from being strangers to God.

We are given clues as to how to prepare ourselves for His citizenship in Hebrews 13:12-16:

"Wherefore Jesus also, that he might sanctify the people with his own blood, suffered without the gate. Let us go forth therefore unto him without the camp, bearing his reproach. For here have we no continuing city, but we seek one to come. By him therefore let us offer the sacrifice of praise to God continually, that is, the fruit of our lips giving thanks to his name. But to do good and to communicate forget not: for with such sacrifices God is well pleased."

The early Christians did not just separate themselves from the world but were a government of love expressing that love through the Daily ministration of righteousness and the daily sacrifice of their charity.

Paul tells us that in Philippians 1:27:

"Only let your conversation be as it becometh the gospel of Christ: that whether I come and see you, or else be absent, I may hear of your affairs, that ye stand fast in one spirit, with one mind striving together for the faith of the gospel;"

The word "conversation" is politeuomai[37] which means "to be a citizen" which means "to administer civil affairs" of that city of light.

We are told in Philippians 3:20:

"For our conversation is in heaven; from whence also we look for the Saviour, the Lord Jesus Christ:"

The word conversation here is again politeuma[38] which is defined "the administration of civil affairs or of a commonwealth".

Christ preached of a kingdom, a government, where men were not bound by oaths and contracts but by coming together in one accord through the law for love of one another. This meant they attended to the Weightier matters of the law, judgment, mercy, and faith which include caring for the needs of our neighbors and the widows and orphans of our society through Pure Religion in matters of health, education, and welfare. We are NOT to provide for the needy of society through the Covetous Practices and the men who call themselves benefactors but who exercise authority one over the other like the socialists do.

The Way of Christ was like neither the way of the world of Rome nor the governments of the gentiles who depend on those fathers of the earth through force, fear and fealty who deliver the people back in bondage again like they were in Egypt. Christ's ministers and true Christians do not depend upon systems of social welfare that force the contributions of the people like the corban of the Pharisees which made the word of God to none effect. Many people have been deceived to go the way of Balaam and the Nicolaitan and out of The Way of Christ and have become workers of iniquity.

The Christian conflict with Rome in the first century Church appointed by Christ was because they would not apply to the fathers of the earth for their free bread but instead relied upon a voluntary network providing a daily ministration to the needy of society through Faith, Hope, and Charity by way of freewill offerings of the people, for the people, and by the people through the perfect law of liberty in Free Assemblies according to the ancient pattern of Tuns or Tens as He commanded.

The modern Christians are in need of repentance.

"Follow me!" —Jesus the Christ.

.

This is why we see in Ephesians 2:19, 22:

"Now therefore ye are no more strangers and foreigners, but fellowcitizens with the saints, and of the household of God; And are built upon the foundation of the apostles and prophets, Jesus Christ himself being the chief corner [stone]; In whom all the building fitly framed together groweth unto an holy temple in the Lord: In whom ye also are builded together for an habitation of God through the Spirit."


Many think they have come out, but that command was to His people who were already walking in the citizenship of God the Father. They were not just saying "Lord, Lord"[40] but they were doing the will of the Father.[41] It was those people baptized in water and in fire who had gathered in congregations of Elders connected in a Network of charity according to the ancient patters of tens, hundreds and thousands and were fitly framed together ... unto an holy temple in the Lord.

The ministers of Christ are the servants of Christ who serve the people in righteousness. They do not come to exercise authority one over the other. They are the living stones of His Altars and Temple who come in His name practicing Pure Religion, not in the name of Nimrod practicing Public religion.

The ministers cannot perform the service of the living temple of God without the loving sacrifice of the people moved by the Holy Spirit in their hearts and in their minds. The early Christians were doing that and because of that Christian conflict they were persecuted, yet persevered. It was these people who believed in Christ and kept his commandments and it was these people whom he called My people.

"And I heard another voice from heaven, saying, Come out of her, my people, that ye be not partakers of her sins, and that ye receive not of her plagues." Revelation 18:4

There is no point in claiming to have come out if you are not diligently walking in the ways of Christ and His appointed Church. Those who say they are His people but have not repented nor are they administering civil affairs of His Kingdom of God and city of light fall short of the Gospel of the kingdom.

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== Footnotes ==

  1. ↑ intersectionality is defined as the interconnected nature of social categorizations such as race, class, and gender as they apply to a given individual or group, regarded as creating overlapping and interdependent systems of discrimination or disadvantage.
  2. ↑ Out of 102 passengers only 41 were a part of the Pilgrims Virginia Company, Separatists.
  3. ↑ The Atlantic monthly, Volume 78 By Celia Thaxter, Sarah Orne Jewett, Emily Dickinson. P. 587.
  4. ↑ "Observing some not well affected to unity..., it was thought good there should be an association and agreement that we should combine together in one body." Mourt's Relation
  5. ↑ As a Minister's Clerk on the "Sea Venture", the Admiral of the Fleet, he was forced to ground their ship, saving all passengers. Then the built two more ships from the wreckage - "Deliverance" and "Patience".
  6. ↑ Patents were exclusive rights protected by the king to prevent other subjects of the king from infringing on the patent holder. They did not override rights of independent Christian communities.
  7. ↑ Council for New England
  8. ↑ The First Peirce Patent's text [February 2, 1620] did not survive, but others dating, even back to Elizabeth, had language that could allow the Pilgrims leverage in their effort to obtain a status as “Freemen”.
  9. ↑ Text - IN THE NAME OF GOD, AMEN. We, whose names are underwritten, the Loyal Subjects of our dread Sovereign Lord King James, by the Grace of God, of Great Britain, France, and Ireland, King, Defender of the Faith, &c. Having undertaken for the Glory of God, and Advancement of the Christian Faith, and the Honour of our King and Country, a Voyage to plant the first Colony in the northern Parts of Virginia; Do by these Presents, solemnly and mutually, in the Presence of God and one another, covenant and combine ourselves together into a civil Body Politick, for our better Ordering and Preservation, and Furtherance of the Ends aforesaid: And by Virtue hereof do enact, constitute, and frame, such just and equal Laws, Ordinances, Acts, Constitutions, and Officers, from time to time, as shall be thought most meet and convenient for the general Good of the Colony; unto which we promise all due Submission and Obedience. IN WITNESS whereof we have hereunto subscribed our names at Cape-Cod the eleventh of November, in the Reign of our Sovereign Lord King James, of England, France, and Ireland, the eighteenth, and of Scotland the fifty-fourth, Anno Domini; 1620
  10. ↑ 1 Samuel 8:7 And the LORD said unto Samuel, Hearken unto the voice of the people in all that they say unto thee: for they have not rejected thee, but they have rejected me, that I should not reign over them.
  11. ↑ Genesis 4:17 “And Cain knew his wife; and she conceived, and bare Enoch: and he builded a city, and called the name of the city, after the name of his son, Enoch.”
  12. ↑ Genesis 11:4 “And they said, Go to, let us build us a city and a tower, whose top [may reach] unto heaven; ...”
  13. ↑ Exodus 23:32 “Thou shalt make no covenant with them, nor with their gods.”
  14. ↑ John 19:15 “But they cried out, Away with [him], away with [him], crucify him. Pilate saith unto them, Shall I crucify your King? The chief priests answered, We have no king but Caesar.”
  15. ↑ 1 Samuel 8. Voice of the People http://www.hisholychurch.org/news/articles/voice.php
  16. ↑ Pilgrim Hall Museum, http://www.pilgrimhall.org/compcon.htm
  17. ↑ A Book which sheweth the Life and Manners of all true Christians (1582); A Treatise upon 23. of Matthewe and, Treatise of Reformation without Tarrying for Anie (1582)
  18. ↑ Matthew 20:25-26 But Jesus called them unto him, and said, Ye know that the princes of the Gentiles exercise dominion over them, and they that are great exercise authority upon them. But it shall not be so among you: but whosoever will be great among you, let him be your minister;
    Mark 10:42-43 But Jesus called them to him, and saith unto them, Ye know that they which are accounted to rule over the Gentiles exercise lordship over them; and their great ones exercise authority upon them. But so shall it not be among you: but whosoever will be great among you, shall be your minister:
    Luke 22:25-26 And he said unto them, The kings of the Gentiles exercise lordship over them; and they that exercise authority upon them are called benefactors. But ye shall not be so: but he that is greatest among you, let him be as the younger; and he that is chief, as he that doth serve.
  19. ↑ Native American Confederacy Native_American_Confederacy#Official_Symbolism|Official Symbolism 60.
  20. ↑ The Chautauquan, Volume 20 By Chautauqua Literary and Scientific Circle p750
  21. ↑ Plymouth, Tim McNeese, Infobase Publishing, 2007, p8
  22. ↑ " In the name of God, Amen. We, whose names are underwritten, the Loyal Subjects of our dread Sovereign Lord, King James, by the Grace of God, of England, France and Ireland, King, Defender of the Faith, e&. Having undertaken for the Glory of God, and Advancement of the Christian Faith, and the Honour of our King and Country, a voyage to plant the first colony in thttp://www.preparingyou.com/wiki/skins/common/images/button_extlink.pnghe northern parts of Virginia; do by these presents, solemnly and mutually in the Presence of God and one of another, covenant and combine ourselves together into a civil Body Politick, for our better Ordering and Preservation, and Furtherance of the Ends aforesaid; And by Virtue hereof to enact, constitute, and frame, such just and equal Laws, Ordinances, Acts, Constitutions and Offices, from time to time, as shall be thought most meet and convenient for the General good of the Colony; unto which we promise all due submission and obedience. In Witness whereof we have hereunto subscribed our names at Cape Cod the eleventh of November, in the Reign of our Sovereign Lord, King James of England, France and Ireland, the eighteenth, and of Scotland the fifty-fourth. Anno Domini, 1620." There followed the signatures of 41 of the 102 passengers, 37 of whom were Separatists.
  23. ↑ The Columbia Encyclopedia, Columbia University Press, 1968, p. 1983. “The theory of such a contract, first formulated by the English philosophers Thomas Hobbes (in the Leviathan, 1651) and John Locke...”
  24. ↑ "Anarchy." Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. 2004. The first quoted usage is 1850.
  25. ↑ Anarchism http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchy#Anarchism
  26. ↑ Judges 17:6 In those days [there was] no king in Israel, [but] every man did [that which was] right in his own eyes.
  27. ↑ Luke 22:29 And I appoint unto you a kingdom, as my Father hath appointed unto me; [Luke 12:32, Matthew 21:43 ]
  28. ↑ Matthew 20:25..., Mark 10:42..., Luke 22:25 ...
  29. ↑ Covenants, Constitutions, and Contracts , http://www.hisholychurch.org/study/covenants/ccc.php
  30. ↑ Consent thou Not, From the book The Higher Liberty, http://www.hisholychurch.org/media/books/THL/consentnot.php
  31. ↑ Proverbs 1, 12:12, 29:5, Ecclesiastes 9:12, Psalms 69:22, Romans 11:9,Luke 21:35, 2 Peter 2:18-22
  32. ↑ Ex. 23:32, 34:12-15, 20:1-17, De. 13:8, 17:16, Judges 2:2, 1 Sa. 8; 13:13, Proverbs 1:10-19, Proverbs 23, Psalms 69:22. See also Ezekiel 11:3-11, Micah 3:3; Ex. 16:3.
  33. ↑ Matthew 6:9, 23:9, 5:34... 20:25, Mark 10:42, Luke 4:18, 22:25, 1 Corinthians 7:21, 2 Corinthians 6:16, James 5:12, 1 Peter 2:16, Ro. 7:7, 13:9, 11:9, Col. 3:5, Heb. 13:5, 2 Pe. 2:3-14, 2 Peter 2:19, 2 Timothy 2:26,1:1, 9
  34. ↑ 1 Samuel 13:13
  35. ↑ Frederic Bastiat, 1801 – 1850, French theorist, political economist.
  36. ↑ 4172 ~πόλις~ polis \@pol’-is\@ probably from the same as 4171, or perhaps from 4183; n f AV-city 164; 164 1) a city 1a) one’s native city, the city in which one lives 1b) the heavenly Jerusalem 1b1) the abode of the blessed in heaven 1b2) of the visible capital in the heavenly kingdom, to come down to earth after the renovation of the world by fire 1c) the inhabitants of a city
  37. ↑ 4176 ~πολιτεύομαι~ politeuomai \@pol-it-yoo’-om-ahee\@ middle voice of a derivative of 4177; v AV-live 1, let (one’s) conversation be 1; 2 1) to be a citizen 2) to administer civil affairs, manage the state 3) to make or create a citizen 3a) to be a citizen 3b) to behave as a citizen 3b1) to avail one’s self of or recognise the laws 3b2) to conduct one’s self as pledged to some law of life"
  38. ↑ 4175 ~πολίτευμα~ politeuma \@pol-it’-yoo-mah\@ from 4176; n n AV-conversation 1; 1 1) the administration of civil affairs or of a commonwealth 2) the constitution of a commonwealth, form of government and the laws by which it is administered 3) a state, commonwealth 3a) the commonwealth of citizens
  39. ↑ Matthew 20:25-26 But Jesus called them unto him, and said, Ye know that the princes of the Gentiles exercise dominion over them, and they that are great exercise authority upon them. But it shall not be so among you: but whosoever will be great among you, let him be your minister;
    Mark 10:42-43 But Jesus called them to him, and saith unto them, Ye know that they which are accounted to rule over the Gentiles exercise lordship over them; and their great ones exercise authority upon them. But so shall it not be among you: but whosoever will be great among you, shall be your minister:
    Luke 22:25-26 And he said unto them, The kings of the Gentiles exercise lordship over them; and they that exercise authority upon them are called benefactors. But ye shall not be so: but he that is greatest among you, let him be as the younger; and he that is chief, as he that doth serve.
  40. ↑ Matthew 7:21 Not every one that saith unto me, Lord, Lord, shall enter into the kingdom of heaven; but he that doeth the will of my Father which is in heaven.
    Matthew 7:22 Many will say to me in that day, Lord, Lord, have we not prophesied in thy name? and in thy name have cast out devils? and in thy name done many wonderful works?
    Matthew 25:11 Afterward came also the other virgins, saying, Lord, Lord, open to us.
    Luke 6:46 And why call ye me, Lord, Lord, and do not the things which I say?
    Luke 13:25 When once the master of the house is risen up, and hath shut to the door, and ye begin to stand without, and to knock at the door, saying, Lord, Lord, open unto us; and he shall answer and say unto you, I know you not whence ye are:
  41. ↑ Matthew 7:21 Not every one that saith unto me, Lord, Lord, shall enter into the kingdom of heaven; but he that doeth the will of my Father which is in heaven.
    John 5:20 For the Father loveth the Son, and sheweth him all things that himself doeth: and he will shew him greater works than these, that ye may marvel.


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