Romans 13
Romans 13
The first verse of Romans 13 is one of the most misunderstood verses of the Bible and should not be.
A proper understanding of Romans 13 hinges on our knowledge of history which gives us the context of the Bible's authors and the meaning of the word exousia translated power, authority, right, liberty, jurisdiction, and strength in the same Bible.
Its primary meaning is "power of choice, liberty of doing as one pleases" and is most often used to describe the power of Christ. [1]
What was Paul attempting to say in his Epistle to the Romans? In the King James version of the Bible chapter 13 begins:
“Let every soul be subject unto the higher powers. For there is no power but of God: the powers that be are ordained of God.”
A common interpretation of this verse appears in The Living Bible:
“Obey the government, for God is the one who has put it there. There is no government anywhere that God has not placed in power. So those who refuse to obey the laws of the land are refusing to obey God, and punishment will follow...” (Romans 13:1-3).
You cannot blame all governments on God anymore than you can blame sin on God. The first thing God did was give man the right to choose, and the responsibility of suffering the consequences.
While it is not right to sin we have the right to choose to sin. Cain chose to go out of the presence of God and create the first city state. What he did was wrong, but he had the right to make that choice. The nature of the government we create is a product of what we are and our souls are formed in the character of the government we choose to serve.
Governments are created by men, not by God. God allows men the power, right, or liberty to create government, but not with impunity. There are many forms of government that are in opposition to God. Man must go out of the presence of God, rejecting Him to create those governments.
They are formed in the image and the character of Satan, who is the adversary of God.[2]
Even those governments may serve God’s purpose by punishing the wicked who form them. God even forbids man from making covenants with those governments or bowing down or serving them.[3]
Social Contracts
Social contracts make use of at least two legal concepts or structures. One can be called a trust and the other is a corporation.
Governments cannot exist unless men create them. Man may vest something of himself into the forming of a government. As God formed man and breathed life into him, so also may men form and breathe life into a government body or body politic.
Plus we may also give something of value to men we trust for a particular purpose, whereby the government becomes a trust. If what we give is given entirely it may be called a sacred purpose trust. Governments may make use of both concepts of trust and corporation.
The most common form of government used throughout history is not the centralized governments of control and top down authority so commonly seen today. A diversified and voluntary network of people bound by a common faith, mutual hope, and practiced charity has often formed successful governments throughout history. In fact, “our modern reliance on government to make law and establish order is not the historical norm.”[4]
Voluntary governments like that of Israel before the rise of the kings depended on the people freely choosing to give a share of their wealth in sacrifice or what was called Corban[5] to fulfill the needs of society. That which was given in the form of substance and service sustained the government of the people, with the offerings by the people, for the sake of a free people.
If Jesus talks about an “unrighteous Mammon”[6] is there a righteous mammon? The Aramaic word for entrusted wealth is called Ma’amon.[7]
That which was freely given was righteous. That which was taken away by force without daily free choice is unrighteous.
Higher Power
The New International Version (NIV) is translated:
“13 Let everyone be subject to the governing authorities, for there is no authority except that which God has established. The authorities that exist have been established by God.” (Romans 13:1-3).
The phrase "higher[8] power" or the phrase the "governing authorities" in the NIV is huperecho[8] exousia with the Greek word huperecho defined as "to have or hold over one" or superior. In the beginning God gave man the right to choose. He has delivered man from bondage time and time again and warned him about going under authority of others.
God wants you to be free souls under Him. That is the Kingdom of God. If someone else has the power to choose for you, how did that come to be? And is there a way back to liberty under God?
It is essential to the plan and purpose of Satan, the adversary, to deceive people. He does this by telling us part of the truth while deluding us to believe a lie. The cunning use of sophistry and his ability to tempt us to act selfishly in our own interest has been his recorded modus operandi for centuries.
Our modern misunderstanding of Romans 13 seems to hinge on one word of the text, powers. Dunamis, dunamai, didomi, arche, ischus, ischuros, kratos and energes are all translated in the New Testament as ‘power’, but have decidedly different meanings than the word that appears in Romans 13.
The original Greek word is exousia.[1] It is from two Greek words. Ex meaning ‘of’ or ‘from’, while ousia means ‘what one has, i.e. property, possessions, estate’. Exousia is defined: “power of choice, liberty of doing as one pleases.”[9]
Is Paul telling us to go under government authority or to remain at liberty?
What would happen if we translated exousia in Romans 13 into the English word “liberty” as we see in 1 Corinthians 8:9?
“Let every soul be subject unto the higher liberty. For there is no liberty but of God: the liberties that be are ordained of God. Whosoever therefore resisteth (opposes) the liberty, resisteth (opposes) the ordinance of God: and they that resist [sets one’s self against] shall receive to themselves damnation. For rulers are not a terror to good works, but to the evil. Wilt thou then not be afraid of the liberty? Do that which is good, and thou shalt have praise of the same.” (Romans 13:1-3)
Can this be true?
Could so many people have been a part of such a bold deception?
The word exousia is translated “right” in Hebrews 13:10 and Revelation 22:14, and it is translated as “liberty” in 1 Corinthians 8:9.[10]
Terms of the Times
Anyone claiming to have repented should be diligently striving and seeking the same type of charitable system in a Christian network totally independent of government benefits that are provided by men who exercise authority one over the other at the expense of their neighbors. If they are not doing that then they have not repented nor do they believe in Christ.
To claim that Paul is actually saying that we should be at liberty to obey God rather than be subject to the will of other men is a bold accusation against the doctrines of modern Christendom. Has the Church been steadily deceived, by either negligence or design, arrogance or ignorance?
A theme throughout the Bible has been to set men free so we should be willing to examine how the word exousia was used by the Greeks and the authors of those sacred texts in the days of Christ. Although the use of words changes over time the Greek Glossary of Aristotelian Terms states that exousia means “right”.[16] Aristotle actually exemplifies exousia’s use in the statement, “The right (exousia) to do anything one wishes...”[17]
The rights or privileges of governments are ordained of men. That ordination of power into the hands of governments almost always occurs when the people reject God[18] and choose to go away from His ways[19] and out of His presence.[20]
Since we are endowed by our Creator with certain inalienable rights it makes sense to say our original right to choose is ordained of God. Since man is a creation of God and governments are a creation of men the power maintained by those governments is based on the consent or actions of men, not upon any appointment by God.
In Plato’s notes the “Greek words for freedom (are) eleutheros (liberal/Free), exousia (Freedom/Power to do something), ...”[21]
While, both Plato's and Aristotle’s definition of the word exousia was not only specifically a 'freedom and a right', even the 'absolute right to choose' and was from a classical Greek period hundreds of years before Christ, their opinions were still in conformity well into the second century A.D. with Cynic philosopher, Enomaos.
Aldo Brancacci examines the definition of ‘freedom’ in his Liberta e fato in Enamao di Gadara. In Bryn Mawr’s Classical Review we see, “Brancacci notices that the term used by Enomaos to refer to human freedom is not the typical Cynic one (eleutheria), but exousia, which expresses ‘the new concept of freedom in opposition to the already defunct and unhelpful eleutheria’.”[22]
Enomaos’, sometimes written Oenomaos’, writings were preserved by Eusubius. For at least five centuries the word exousia consistently referenced human liberty and freedom. Are we supposed to believe that Paul is telling us to give up our freedom and liberty and become subject once again? Or have we already?
God sent Abraham, Moses, Joshua, Samson, Gideon and a host of others to set us free with the truth. We are to become free souls under God, created by God and to have no other gods before Him.
Are we supposed to believe that Jesus was only going to set us free spiritually and leave us in physical bondage that equivalent to the Bondage of Egypt? It seems a slave mentality to believe that we can only be “free at last, free at last”[23] when we are physically dead.
“If the Son therefore shall make you free, ye shall be free indeed.” (John 8:36)
It is our prayer that the truth of this will become self evident.
Koine Debate
There is little meaningful debate among modern theologians on the matter of Romans 13. Typical comments might be those of Professor Ardel Caneday of New Testament Studies & Biblical Theology at Northwestern College, in Saint Paul, Minnesota.
Ardel attempted to discredit Tim Case[24] who quoted extensively from one of our early articles on Romans 13 in his own article: A Peccancy, which was published by Lew Rockwell.[25]
Ardel states that Case commits “fallacy” by giving the etymology of the word. At the same time Ardel seems to disregard Aristotle and Plato with a vague reference to Koine Greek. He even ignores Brancacci’s detailed explanation of the use of exousia in the 2nd century, by the cynic Oenomaus.
Koine Greek developed as the world of the Greeks and Romans went from free Republics to a dictatorial empire. Those governments of men made instruments of war, took the first fruits of the people, and even their sons and daughters for their own purposes. Those governments brought about famine, wars, and pestilence that killed off millions of people. A fact of history that will continue to repeat itself under the error of the modern Pharisaical scholars of our day.
It is true that languages change over time, but God does not. He wants us to be free souls under His authority, not slaves or human resources working under the Pharaohs and Nimrods of the world.
Most scholars are entrenched in the presumption that they already have the answer and could not be in error or under a strong delusion. Their interpretation of the Gospel may not be gospel just because they went to school somewhere or learned what other professors had to say. Saul who became Paul went to the best school with the most respected scholar as his teacher[26] but he did not know Christ.
Usage of Scholars
“And Jesus answered and said unto him, Blessed art thou, Simon Barjona: for flesh and blood hath not revealed [it] unto thee, but my Father which is in heaven.” (Matthew 16:17)
There were many scholars among those who crucified Christ. Satan has always deluded the scholars first. It makes his job so much easier. The educated Saul did not know Christ nor the Gospel of the Kingdom and even persecuted Christ’s followers. Paul, through revelation, eventually counted all he had known before Christ as little more than dung.[27]
Concerning Ardel’s comments on the meaning of Romans 13 he also suggests that Case “appeals to one of the word’s lesser used meanings in the New Testament to render that unlikely meaning the meaning of the word in Romans 13.”
We must ask, lesser used meanings by whom?
Joseph Thayer’s first definition of the Greek word exousia[28] is the “power of choice, liberty of doing as one pleases”. It is not until the fourth definition that we see anything like “the power of rule or government”. The truth is most modern scholars choose not to use the primary meaning of the word exousia because it would be an indictment of the condition of the modern Church and the state to which it has brought the people it was meant to serve.
Ardel Caneday goes on to suggest that Case “fails to show that the New Testament regularly employs ἐξουσία to refer to ruling authorities, as it clearly does in Romans 13.”
The Greek word exousia [ἐξουσία] appears over 90 times in the biblical text. At least 12 times it is speaking of an individual’s, personal right or liberty. Over 50 times exousia is found in verses speaking of the “power” of God and Jesus the Christ, the anointed King[29], who appointed ambassadors and was proclaimed king by thousands of people including Pontius Pilate.
“And Pilate wrote a title, and put [it] on the cross. And the writing was, JESUS OF NAZARETH THE KING OF THE JEWS... in Hebrew, and Greek, and Latin. Then said the chief priests of the Jews to Pilate, Write not, The King of the Jews; but that he said, I am King of the Jews. Pilate answered, What I have written I have written.” (John 19:19)
More than a dozen times the word exousia is specifying a jurisdictional right to judge or a conflict of law between man’s government or the adversary of God, and the Kingdom of God.[30]
If people are insistent upon using the fourth definition of exousia “the power of rule or government”, they should be willing to apply it to Christ’s government and its jurisdictional right as one form of government. Jesus was the King of Judea according to Pilate and therefore His ministers were a government that set the people free.
Jesus as Christ was the anointed King of Judea, the remnant of Israel. Those who proclaimed Christ were able to live, worship and serve God, unless the people, like the Pharisees, rejected Christ and chose to go under the authority or power of another. Christ sealed that Roman proclamation, nailed to the cross, in His own blood.
“Wherefore if ye be dead with Christ from the rudiments of the world, why, as though living in the world, are ye subject to ordinances,” (Colossians 2:20)
In Matthew 8:9 and Luke 7:8 'exousia' is used concerning an officer’s right to direct his men. That power comes from the contract his soldiers signed when they became members under his authority. The modern Church has removed the Kingdom from the “Gospel of the Kingdom” and brought the people back into bondage.
No King but Caesar
They were able to do this because thousands upon thousands of Jews accepted the Christ as their king at Pentecost and professed their allegiance through baptism and contributed to His voluntary government of righteousness instituted by Jesus.
If all the people who say they are Christians and believe in Christ were doing, for the last 100 years, what the first century Church was doing, then they would be exempt from Social Security, Obama care and most income tax. Auditing the Federal Reserve would be simple, if such a banking system were allowed to exist. There would not be a massive welfare system in the United States. There would be no need. Immigration would no longer be a problem, and the nation would not have run-away debt.
His Church is looking for those who want to turn around from false Christianity and do what Jesus said, instead of the apostasy of Modern Christians.
If we are to understand the fullness of the Gospel, we should know that it is first the “Gospel of the Kingdom”.
“And Jesus went about all Galilee, teaching in their synagogues, and preaching the gospel of the Kingdom....” (Matthew 4:23)
Modern preachers, and the scholars who have seduced them, have removed the Kingdom from the Gospels and turned the hearts of the people to impure religion. It is time that voices from the wilderness again call for repentance and a making straight the way of the Lord.
The Pharisees were scholars, and the majority of the Pharisees voted to kill Christ,[31] their rightful King.[32] They chose to have no king but Caesar.[33]
But thank Heaven, the truth is not dependent upon democracies or scholars.
The Modern Christian has accepted a world based on a watered down gospel from their misguided leaders. This arranged system is a "world"[34] system, a mystery Babylon, where their ministers teach the people to sing in their churches, praising Christ as King (a spiritual king), yet they send the people to pray to men of the world for their daily bread and benefits during the rest of the week; they are praying to men who call themselves benefactors but exercise authority one over the other[35]. This is all provided at the expense of their neighbor.
The people do take a bite out of their neighbor, devouring one another.[36] They wave their hands on Sunday, and they give lip service to God in their Churches, but the rest of the week they covet their neighbor’s goods through government power.
From the beginning we were told to make no covenant with the inhabitants where we go, nor with their gods, or we would have to bow down and serve them. Even Jesus told us to not swear at all and to only pray to our Father in heaven for our daily bread.
Applying to Pharaoh for their daily bread brought the Israelites into bondage. God led the people out of that bondage and told them never to return that way. God even told the people if they chose a ruler, they were to write in their constitution[37] that he could never do anything that would return them to the bondage of Egypt.[38]
Common sense would require us to ask why Paul would be telling the people to remain in an Egyptian style government rather than be free with Christ. Remember Christ was King, born King [39], preached a Kingdom, told us to do the same[40], and was hailed as King[41] as He came to take the Kingdom[42] away from those who ruled over the people.[43] Those rulers had taken away their liberties, put heavy burdens on them, and through their system of social security[44] had made the word of God to none effect.[45]
Since, freeing people in Spirit and truth and living by faith has always been the mission of the prophets of God, it seems clear that Paul was saying that we should remain subject to liberty and the right to choose endowed by God. Paul understood the perfect law of liberty[46]; to oppose liberty is to oppose the will of God for men.
Yet, many ministers and the people have difficulty seeing the simple and specific meaning of the word exousia in the context of the Bible. This is because it overthrows many of the preconceived notions, doctrines, and even some errant theology which they have become so comfortable with over the years.
If we may use the word ‘right’ or ‘liberty’ in Romans 13, Christians and especially their ministers will have to begin to examine the Gospel in a new light of understanding, and they will need to accept the truth that they have been under a strong delusion about the “Gospel of the Kingdom” and the message of Christ.
We may agree that governments sometimes possess the right to make choices for persons; in a more natural state, such choices would belong exclusively to the individual free man. But, governments are not inherently granted the right to choose for others; God does not ordain government for nullifying the natural state of diligent men (free men). Men may create governments, but in order to obtain that right to rule over men, governments would have to rely on some operation of pre-existing law. That fundamental law is often called natural law. They may, therefore, use natural law's operation of a contract or a covenant to arrange a government system which gradually nullifies many other aspects of the natural law, as the system responds to crises and grants more and more government authority over the citizens.
Romans 13 verse 1 The Higher Liberty
Does God want us to be subject or to be free?
http://www.hisholychurch.org/sermon/romans13.php
Romans 13 and I Peter 2,13-14
Is the Bible consistent about setting men free or does it contradict itself?
http://www.hisholychurch.org/sermon/romanspeter.php
Romans 13 The booklet in printable PDF
http://www.hisholychurch.org/study/bklt/romans1307.pdf
Romans 13, NN Video Series:7-10 4:32
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1SEMYx6affo
The Book
The Higher Liberty
Table of Contents
http://www.hisholychurch.org/media/books/THL/tableofcontents.php
Romans 13
From the book The Higher Liberty, Sec. 1
http://www.hisholychurch.org/media/books/THL/Romans13.php
Entire study of the Epistle to the Romans
Great Commandment (Romans 13:8–10) and Christianity and politics.
Civil Rights, SS Video Series 2-10 5:00
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Isf7LjQTcOQ
Sections
14. Romans 13 to Romans 14 verse 12
http://www.hisholychurch.net/kkvv/7thbatch/13-04-07Romans-x4.mp3
18. Romans,
Chapter reviews Paul Love, working, no evil and the Ten Commandments
http://www.hisholychurch.net/kkvv/7thbatch/13-04-13Romans-x8.mp3
19. Romans,
Which laws, division of faith and fallacies... gods many and prayer
http://www.hisholychurch.net/kkvv/7thbatch/13-04-14Romans-x9.mp3
20. Romans, natural brute beasts, protecting the delusion... The welfare state and liberty in righteousness
http://www.hisholychurch.net/kkvv/7thbatch/13-04-14Romans-xx.mp3
21. Was Paul a Roman Citizen Part 1
http://www.hisholychurch.net/kkvv/8thbatch/13-05-16-Paulroman-1.mp3
22. Was Paul a Roman Citizen Part
http://www.hisholychurch.net/kkvv/8thbatch/13-05-16-Paulroman-2.mp3
Audio files
Additional audio on The Higher Liberty
http://www.hisholychurch.org/media/books/THL/Romans13.php
Table of Contents
- Romans 13, Part 1
2/15/2013 12:44 PM 26889511 02-1Romans13-56.mp3
http://www.hisholychurch.net/kkvv/02-1Romans13-56.mp3 - Romans 13, Part 2
2/15/2013 12:46 PM 26869031 02-2Romans13-56.mp3
http://www.hisholychurch.net/kkvv/02-2Romans13-56.mp3
Timothy Baldwin interview
http://keysofthekingdom.info/KOK-110820.mp3
of the kingdom of God
with Ignatius of Antioch Part 1
Download Recording #1
or press play
Articles mentioned-Part 1
Family - Enmeshment - Elder - Mass Formation Psychosis - Congregation - Free Assemblies - Trajan - Ignatius of Antioch - The Way - Early Church - Social safety net - Home church - Corban - Social Security - Religion - Legal charity - Kingdom of God - Merchandise - Bondage of Egypt - Welfare
Connecting the dots
of the kingdom of God
with Ignatius of Antioch Part 2
Download Recording #2
or press play
Articles mentioned Part 2-
Gods many - Hierarchy - Daily ministration - Elder - Family - Apostles - Holy Spirit - Romans 13 - Exousia - Trees - Doctrines of Jesus - Little flock - Christian conflict - Covetous practices - Deacon - Bishop - Guru theories - Constantine - Exercise authority - Dearth - Militia - Presbyter - Ekklesia - Pure Religion - Network - Tyranny - Merchandise - Curse children
Text line by line
| Comments verse by verse # |
| Romans 13 text in context Download Recording |
| 1# The higher[8] power[1] is the original power to choose or liberty to choose granted by God to man. |
| 2# Many resist the responsibility of that liberty by giving their power to choose to rulers and lawmakers which is a rejection of God. |
| 3# The "rulers are not a terror to good works, but to the evil." What are the evil works but covetous practices of socialism and communism which make men merchandise and curse children with debt? |
| 4# If you choose to have rulers, kings, presidents or prime ministers with their congresses and parliaments you are to include 5 things in your constitutions as instructed by God and His Holy Spirit in Deuteronomy 17. |
| 4# The people were warned in 1 Samuel 8 that the rulers they chose would take and take and take until they cried out and God would still not hear them. Saul foolishly forced an offering. David was corrupted but repented. Solomon made the people's yoke heavy and chastised them with whips but they deserved it because they rejected God. And Rehoboam chastised them with scorpions because they would not come together and attend to the weightier matters.[47] Rulers are punishing evil because the "voice of the people", including Modern Christians have rejected God and elected rulers. |
| 5# Rulers gain more power when the people give them the power to take from their neighbor in order to obtain the wages of unrighteousness and the benefits of the men who call themselves benefactors but exercise authority one over the other, which is contrary to the commandments of Christ and the warning of Peter[48]. When we become a surety for debt, we do not keep the Sabbath which is about debt. When we do not sit down in the tens as commanded by Christ and love one another in charity we are slothful in His ways of righteousness. When those who are called out do not come together in "one accord" selling all they have having all things common they are not His Church. |
| 6# When we swear allegiance or make social compacts to serve rulers in order to obtain security, or we are just slothful in the weightier matters, we go under tribute in the unrighteous mammon. We must remain faithful in the unrighteous mammon while we repent and seek the kingdom of God and His righteousness. |
| 7# So while you render to Caesar what is Caesar's in his unrighteous mammon you can learn to render to God what is God's by keeping the commandments |
| 8-10# The "Modern Christian" owes tribute because of sloth and wantonness and is surety for debt and cannot say he "Owes no man". In the Modern Church they say Lord, Lord but tickle the ears of the people saying they do not need to keep the Commandments of Christ. You know they lack faith because they are not doers of the word but workers of iniquity. |
| 11-14# If you are in bondage the only way out is through Christ which means you need to sit down in the tens, love your neighbor as yourself, form a daily ministration through charity and love and return to The Way of Christ as Jesus commanded. |
| The governments of the world are there to punish the wicked who are the workers of iniquity. The more you are willing to take from your neighbor, biting your neighbor, the more the government will take from you and the more you will be devoured[49] until you repent and seek the government of God and His righteousness and learn to live by faith, hope, and charity instead of force, fear, and violence. |
| 13. Romans 10 to Romans 13
|
1 Let every soul be subject unto the higher powers. For there is no power but of God: the powers that be are ordained of God. 2 Whosoever therefore resisteth the power, resisteth the ordinance of God: and they that resist shall receive to themselves damnation. 3 For rulers are not a terror to good works, but to the evil. Wilt thou then not be afraid of the power? do that which is good, and thou shalt have praise of the same: 4 For he is the minister of God to thee for good. But if thou do that which is evil, be afraid; for he beareth not the sword in vain: for he is the minister[50] of God, a revenger to execute wrath upon him that doeth evil. 5 Wherefore ye must needs be subject, not only for wrath, but also for conscience sake. 6 For for this cause pay ye tribute also: for they are God’s ministers[51], attending continually upon this very thing.
7 Render therefore to all their dues: tribute to whom tribute is due; custom to whom custom; fear to whom fear; honour to whom honour. 8 Owe no man any thing, but to love one another: for he that loveth another hath fulfilled the law. 9 For this, Thou shalt not commit adultery, Thou shalt not kill, Thou shalt not steal, Thou shalt not bear false witness, Thou shalt not covet; and if there be any other commandment, it is briefly comprehended in this saying, namely, Thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself.[52] 10 Love worketh no ill to his neighbour: therefore love is the fulfilling of the law.
11 And that, knowing the time, that now it is high time to awake out of sleep: for now is our salvation nearer than when we believed. 12 The night is far spent, the day is at hand: let us therefore cast off the works of darkness, and let us put on the armour of light. 13 Let us walk honestly, as in the day; not in rioting and drunkenness, not in chambering and wantonness, not in strife and envying. 14 But put ye on the Lord Jesus Christ, and make not provision for the flesh, to fulfil the lusts thereof.
Free or bond
Romans 13 |
1 Peter 2:13 |
Hebrews 13:17 |
Titus 3:1 |
Perfect law of liberty |
Captive |
Liberty |
Bondage of Egypt |
The Higher Liberty
The Higher Liberty is an iconoclastic examination of Romans 13 and other specious teachings which are an indictment the modern Church revealing a fuller gospel of the Kingdom for this world and the next. The consistent warnings of the prophets throughout the entire Bible and the purpose of the Church appointed by Christ as one form of government shines new light on modern apostasy. The simple truth of how God made you to be free souls, serving Him in Spirit and in Truth may bear witness in your hearts and minds.
Much of what is in this book will allow you to see the truth of the gospel in comparison to those who do contrary to the ways of God and make His word to none effect and have brought you back into a bondage to the gods many of the world through damnable heresies. Arm yourselves with His truth that will set you free. chapter-by-chapter or Order
Bible |
Bible Index |
Bible References |
Biblical bunch |
Sophistry |
Modern Christians |
Whosoever believeth |
Religion |
Bible_terms |
Early non Bible authors
Athenagoras of Athens | Methodius of Olympus | Theophilus or Ignatius of Antioch
Hippolytus of Rome | Justin the Martyr | Jerome | Augustine of Hippo |
Epistle of Mathetes | Gospel of James | The Gospel of Thomas |
Philo Judaeus or Philo of Alexandria and The Allegories of the Sacred Laws
Polybius | Plutarch | Seneca | Tacitus | Suetonius |
Marcus Tullius Cicero | Celsus | Diotrephes |
People in the Bible
Paul the Apostle |
Melchizedek |
Moses |
Cain |
Caesar |
Herod |
Jesus |
John the Baptist |
Matthew |
Mark |
Luke |
John |
Nimrod |
Abraham |
Essenes |
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Historical People
Buddha |
Constantine |
Eusebius |
Ambrose |
Augustine of Canterbury |
Lady Godiva |
Vespian |
Diocletian |
Manichaeism |
John Wycliffe |
Footnotes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1849 ~ἐξουσία~ exousia \@ex-oo-see’-ah\@ from 1832 (in the sense of ability); n f AV-power 69, authority 29, right 2, liberty 1, jurisdiction 1, strength 1; 103 See Romans 13
- 1) power of choice, liberty of doing as one pleases
- 1a) leave or permission
- 2) physical and mental power
- 2a) the ability or strength with which one is endued, which he either possesses or exercises
- 3) the power of authority (influence) and of right (privilege)
- 4) the power of rule or government (the power of him whose will and commands must be submitted to by others and obeyed)
- 4a) universally
- 4a1) authority over mankind
- 4b) specifically
- 4b1) the power of judicial decisions
- 4b2) of authority to manage domestic affairs
- 4c) metonymically
- 4c1) a thing subject to authority or rule
- 4c1a) jurisdiction
- 4c2) one who possesses authority
- 4c2a) a ruler, a human magistrate
- 4c2b) the leading and more powerful among created beings superior to man, spiritual potentates
- 4c1) a thing subject to authority or rule
- 4d) a sign of the husband’s authority over his wife
- 4d1) the veil with which propriety required a women to cover herself
- 4e) the sign of regal authority, a crown
- 4a) universally
- For Synonyms see entry 5820
- 1) power of choice, liberty of doing as one pleases
- ↑ Matthew 4:8 “Again, the devil taketh him up into an exceeding high mountain, and sheweth him all the kingdoms of the world, and the glory of them; And saith unto him, All these things will I give thee...”
- ↑ Exodus 34:12 “Take heed to thyself, lest thou make a covenant with the inhabitants of the land whither thou goest, lest it be for a snare in the midst of thee:” also Exodus 23:32 and Exodus 34:15 “Lest thou make a covenant with the inhabitants of the land, and they go a whoring after their gods, and do sacrifice unto their gods, and one call thee, and thou eat of his sacrifice;”
- ↑ The Enterprise of Law: Justice without the State by Dr. Bruce L. Benson.
- ↑ ןברק Corban; offering 68, oblation 12, offered 1, sacrifice 1. offering, oblation
- ↑ Luke 16:9 “... Make to yourselves friends of the mammon of unrighteousness; that, when ye fail, they may receive you into everlasting habitations. He that is faithful in that which is least is faithful also in much: and he that is unjust in the least is unjust also in much. If therefore ye have not been faithful in the unrighteous mammon, who will commit to your trust the true riches?”
- ↑ “Mammon, an Aramaic word mamon meaning ‘wealth’ … derived from Ma’amon, something entrusted to safe keeping.” Encyclopedia Britannica.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 5242 ~ὑπερέχω~ huperecho \@hoop-er-ekh’-o\@ from 5228 and 2192; TDNT-8:523,1230; {See TDNT 814} v AV-higher 1, better 1, excellency 1, pass 1, supreme 1; 5
- 1) to have or hold over one
- 2) to stand out, rise above, overtop
- 2a) to be above, be superior in rank, authority, power
- 2a1) the prominent men, rulers
- 2b) to excel, to be superior, better than, to surpass
- 2a) to be above, be superior in rank, authority, power
- ↑ Hebrew & Greek Lexicons, J.B. Smith, Herald Press, Scottdale, PA.
- ↑ “But take heed lest by any means this liberty of yours become a stumblingblock to them that are weak.” 1 Corinthians 8:9
- ↑ Matthew 21:9 And the multitudes that went before, and that followed, cried, saying, Hosanna to the Son of David: Blessed is he that cometh in the name of the Lord; Hosanna in the highest.
- Luke 1:32 He shall be great, and shall be called the Son of the Highest: and the Lord God shall give unto him the throne of his father David:
- ↑ Matthew 21:43 Therefore say I unto you, The kingdom of God shall be taken from you, and given to a nation bringing forth the fruits thereof.
- ↑ Luke 22:29 And I appoint unto you a kingdom, as my Father hath appointed unto me;
- ↑ Luke 12:32 “Fear not, little flock; for it is your Father’s good pleasure to give you the Kingdom.”
- ↑ Acts 2:46 And they, continuing daily with one accord in the temple, and breaking bread from house to house, did eat their meat with gladness and singleness of heart,
- ↑ http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-politics/
- ↑ Lawmakers and Ordinary People in Aristotle, by Paul Bullen (1996) http://paul.bullen.com/BullenLawmakers.html (VI. 4.1318b38-1319a4)
- ↑ 1 Samuel 8:7 “And the LORD said ... they have rejected me, that I should not reign over them.” 1 Samuel 10:19 “And ye have this day rejected your God, who himself saved you out ... but set a king over us ...”1 Samuel 15:23. To Saul “... thou hast rejected the word of the LORD, he hath also rejected thee from [being] king.” Luke 7:30 “But the Pharisees and lawyers rejected the counsel of God against themselves, being not baptized of him.” Luke 20:17 “... The stone which the builders rejected, the same is become the head of the corner?”
- ↑ Joshua 24:15 “... choose you this day whom ye will serve; whether the gods ... the LORD.” Judges 5:8 “They chose new gods;...” Judges 10:14 “Go and cry unto the gods which ye have chosen; let them deliver you in the time of your tribulation.” Jeremiah 11:12 “Then shall the cities of Judah and inhabitants of Jerusalem go, and cry unto the gods .. they shall not save them at all in the time of their trouble.” 1 Samuel 8:18 “And ye shall cry out in that day because of your king which ye shall have chosen you; and the LORD will not hear you in that day.”
- ↑ Genesis 3:8 “... Adam and his wife hid themselves from the presence of the LORD...” Ge 4:16 “Cain went out from the presence of the LORD...”
- ↑ http://www.uiowa.edu/~lsa/bkh/lla/plato
- ↑ Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2001.08.19 On this issue, see S. Bobzien, Determinism and Freedom in Stoic Philosophy, Oxford 1998, chap. 6 . http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/bmcr/2001/2001-08-19.html
- ↑ From a Negro spiritual “Free at Last” originally sung by slaves at funerals.
- ↑ A Discredited Case: A Matter of Word Fallacy, Friday, June 12, 2009 http://bibliatheologica.blogspot.com/2009/06/discredited-case-matter-of-word-fallacy.html
- ↑ A Peccancy by Tim Case lewrockwell.com/case/case35.1.html
- ↑ Acts 22:3 “ I am verily a man [which am] a Jew, born in Tarsus, [a city] in Cilicia, yet brought up in this city at the feet of Gamaliel, [and] taught according to the perfect manner of the law of the fathers, and was zealous toward God, as ye all are this day.”
- ↑ Philippians 3:8 “Yea doubtless, and I count all things [but] loss for the excellency of the knowledge of Christ Jesus my Lord: for whom I have suffered the loss of all things, and do count them [but] dung...”
- ↑ The New Testament Greek Lexicon based on Thayer’s and Smith’s Bible Dictionary plus others; this is keyed to the large Kittel and the "Theological Dictionary of the New Testament." Define the word exousia:
- power of choice, liberty of doing as one pleases
- physical and mental power
- the power of authority (influence) and of right (privilege)
- the power of rule or government (the power of him whose will and
- commands must be submitted to by others and obeyed)
- ↑ See The Higher Liberty Appendix 1 Exousia
- ↑ Matthew 21:43 “Therefore say I unto you, The kingdom of God shall be taken from you, and given to a nation bringing forth the fruits thereof.” Luke 12:32 “Fear not, little flock; for it is your Father’s good pleasure to give you the Kingdom.” Luke 22:29 “And I appoint unto you a Kingdom, as my Father hath appointed unto me;”
- ↑ Mark 15:13 “And they cried out again, Crucify him.” [Luke 23:21]
- ↑ John 19:6 “... Pilate saith unto them, Take ye him, and crucify him: for I find no fault in him.”
- ↑ John 19:15 “... Pilate saith unto them, Shall I crucify your King? The chief priests answered, We have no king but Caesar.”
- ↑ In the New Testament kosmos [kosmov] is most often translated world and defined as “an apt and harmonious arrangement or constitution, order, government” See “A Kingdom not of this world” p.22, The Higher Liberty.
- ↑ Matthew 20:25 “But Jesus called them unto him, and said, Ye know that the princes of the Gentiles exercise dominion over them, and they that are great exercise authority upon them. But it shall not be so among you...” Mark 10:42 “But Jesus called them to him, and saith unto them, Ye know that they which are accounted to rule over the Gentiles exercise lordship over them; and their great ones exercise authority upon them. But so shall it not be among you ...” Luke 22:25 “And he said unto them, The kings of the Gentiles exercise lordship over them; and they that exercise authority upon them are called benefactors. But ye shall not be so:...”
- ↑ “...this [city is] the caldron, and we [be] the flesh... prophesy against them, prophesy, O son of man...This [city] shall not be your caldron, neither shall ye be the flesh in the midst thereof ...” Eze 11:3-11
- ↑ Deuteronomy 17:18 “And it shall be, when he sitteth upon the throne of his kingdom, that he shall write him a copy of this law in a book out of [that which is] before the priests the Levites:”
- ↑ Deuteronomy 17:16 “... nor cause the people to return to Egypt,... Ye shall henceforth return no more that way.... he shall write him a copy of this law in a book ... and he shall read therein all the days of his life:”
- ↑ Matthew 2:2 “Where is he that is born King of the Jews?...” John 18:37 “... Thou sayest that I am a king. To this end was I born...”
- ↑ Matthew 10:7 “And as ye go, preach, saying, The kingdom of heaven is at hand.” Luke 9:60 “Jesus said unto him, Let the dead bury their dead: but go thou and preach the kingdom of God.”
- ↑ Matthew 21:9 “... the multitudes that went before, and that followed, cried, saying, Hosanna to the Son of David... Hosanna in the highest.” Mark 11:10 “Blessed [be] the Kingdom of our father David, that cometh in the name of the Lord: Hosanna in the highest.” John 12:13 “Took branches of palm trees... and cried, Hosanna: Blessed [is] the King of Israel that cometh in the name of the Lord.”
- ↑ Matthew 21:43 “Therefore say I unto you, The Kingdom of God shall be taken from you, and given to a nation bringing forth the fruits thereof.”
- ↑ Matthew 23:4 “For they bind heavy burdens and grievous to be borne, and lay them on men’s shoulders; but they themselves will not move them with one of their fingers.” Luke 11:46 “And he said, Woe unto you also, ye lawyers! for ye lade men with burdens grievous to be borne, and ye yourselves touch not the burdens with one of your fingers.”
- ↑ Corban of the Pharisees hisholychurch.org/sermon/corban.php
- ↑ Mark 7:13 “Making the word of God of none effect through your tradition, which ye have delivered: and many such like things do ye.”
- ↑ James 1:25 “But whoso looketh into the perfect law of liberty, and continueth [therein], he being not a forgetful hearer, but a doer of the work, this man shall be blessed in his deed.”
- ↑ 1 Kings 12:14 And spake to them after the counsel of the young men, saying, My father made your yoke heavy, and I will add to your yoke: my father [also] chastised you with whips, but I will chastise you with scorpions.
- ↑ 2 Peter 2:15 Which have forsaken the right way, and are gone astray, following the way of Balaam [the son] of Bosor, who loved the wages of unrighteousness;
- ↑ Galatians 5:15 But if ye bite and devour one another, take heed that ye be not consumed one of another.
- ↑ 1249 ~διάκονος~ diakonos \@dee-ak’-on-os\@ probably from an obsolete diako (to run on errands, cf 1377); n m/f AV-minister 20, servant 8, deacon 3; 31
- 1) one who executes the commands of another, esp. of a master, a servant, attendant, minister
- 1a) the servant of a king
- 1b) a deacon, one who, by virtue of the office assigned to him by the church, cares for the poor and has charge of and distributes the money collected for their use
- 1c) a waiter, one who serves food and drink
- 1) one who executes the commands of another, esp. of a master, a servant, attendant, minister
- ↑ 3011 ~λειτουργός~ leitourgos \@li-toorg-os’\@ from a derivative of 2992 Laos/people and 2041 ergon work, deed, laborer; TDNT-4:229,526; {See TDNT 434} n m AV-minister 4, he that ministers 1; 5 [see also liturgy, 3008, 3009, 3010, & 3011.]
- 1) a public minister, a servant of the state
- 2) a minister, servant
- 2a) so of military labourers
- 2b) of the temple
- 2b1) of one busied with holy things
- 2b2) of a priest
- 2c) of the servants of a king
- Romans 13:6, Romans 15:16, Philippians 2:25, Hebrews 1:7, Hebrews 8:2.
- ↑ Benevolence
- 1 Corinthians 7:3 "Let the husband render unto the wife due benevolence <2133>: and likewise also the wife unto the husband."
- Ephesians 6:7 "With good will <2133> doing service, as to the Lord, and not to men:"
- Matthew 5:25 "Agree <2132> with thine adversary quickly, whiles thou art in the way with him; lest at any time the adversary deliver thee to the judge, and the judge deliver thee to the officer, and thou be cast into prison."
- Leviticus 19:18 "Thou shalt not avenge, nor bear any grudge against the children of thy people, but thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself: I [am] the LORD."
- Matthew 5:43 "Ye have heard that it hath been said, Thou shalt love thy neighbour, and hate thine enemy."
- Matthew 19:19 "Honour thy father and [thy] mother: and, Thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself."
- Matthew 22:39 "And the second [is] like unto it, Thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself."
- Luke 10:27 "And he answering said, Thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy heart, and with all thy soul, and with all thy strength, and with all thy mind; and thy neighbour as thyself."
- Romans 13:9 "For this, Thou shalt not commit adultery, Thou shalt not kill, Thou shalt not steal, Thou shalt not bear false witness, Thou shalt not covet; and if [there be] any other commandment, it is briefly comprehended in this saying, namely, Thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself. 10 Love worketh no ill to his neighbour: therefore love [is] the fulfilling of the law."
- Galatians 5:14 "For all the law is fulfilled in one word, [even] in this; Thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself."
- James 2:8 "If ye fulfil the royal law according to the scripture, Thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself, ye do well:"