Exodus 8

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Ellicott's Commentary, "Frogs were sacred animals to the Egyptians, who regarded them as symbols of procreative power, and associated them especially with the goddess Heka (a wife of Kneph), whom they represented as frog-headed."^[1]
V7 magicians is not merely ChetReishTetMem (חַרְטֹם‎) chartom^[2] but HeyChetReishTetMemYodMem (הַֽחַרְטֻמִּ֔ים) haḥărṭummîm.
Remember the fish died when the water turned red which could be the result of oxygen starvation after a red algae bloom, which appears when certain conditions enable a type of microscopic algae to spread in all the waters. Without the fish to eat frog eggs million of frog eggs and tadpoles may have survived.
Without the frogs to eat the lice, fleas or gnats based on the Hebrew word (Keenim) those creatures could have become a plague as well.
Of course the lice and fleas can transmit bacteria like Yersinia pestis, which can infect animals and people with tularemia plague or bubonic plague, which can produce a sudden onset of fever, chills, headache, and weaken the individuals and include the painful swelling of the lymph node in the groin, armpit or neck areas.
Scientists have pointed out that the animals in the field of the Egyptians in later plagues might have been Bluetongue or African horse sickness. There was also Rinderpest was caused by a virus which is related to canine distemper and even measles. It primarily infects cattle or buffalo where the animals suffer from symptoms such as fever, wounds in the mouth, diarrhea, discharge from the nose and eyes, and death.
We also see forms of smallpox, which cause raised blisters on large numbers of people simultaneously coming down with rashes and welts like we see in early Rome took away almost half the male population until they developed natural immunities.
Santorini, an island north of Crete in the Aegean Sea may have produced a volcanic eruption which may explain this plague because they have been known to create favorable conditions for locusts.
The Admonitions of Ipuwer As Didactic Literature, The Admonitions of Ipuwer, a literary text preserved on the recto of a single papyrus (Papyrus Leiden I 344), stands as the most rigorous piece contrasting order and chaos and advocating for the importance of a strong central government to maintain order and preserve peace. But it also talks about Plagues. While David Rohl and others see this as possibly an account of the presence of Moses and the Israelites.
“…Ipuwer was an eyewitness to a calamitous era in Egyptian history when…foreigners had brought the great civilization of Egypt to its knees. The wise sage confronts the reigning pharaoh of the time to admonish him for his failure to rectify the dire situation” (David Rohl, Exodus: Myth or History?, page 150).
Ipuwer was clearly an advocate of an authoritarian government his spirit was also one accepting genocide as part of that management and racial superiority. “In an extraordinary parallel to the biblical story, Ipuwer laments the fact that one of the earlier pharaohs had not wiped out those Asiatics who first arrived in Egypt during the late 12th Dynasty. We now know that Egyptian king was Amenemhat III—the pharaoh who had invited Jacob and his clan to settle in the region of Gesem or Goshen in the second year of the great famine. Ipuwer and all Egypt now knew the consequences of that act of kindness… and the subsequent act of cruelty which turned the descendants of Amenemhat’s guests into slaves a few generations later” (p. 151, ellipsis in the original).

[1]

The Second Plague: Frogs

1 And the LORD spake unto Moses, Go unto Pharaoh, and say unto him, Thus saith the LORD, Let my people go, that they may serve me.

2 And if thou refuse to let them go, behold, I will smite all thy borders with frogs:

3 And the river shall bring forth frogs abundantly, which shall go up and come into thine house, and into thy bedchamber, and upon thy bed, and into the house of thy servants, and upon thy people, and into thine ovens, and into thy kneadingtroughs:

4 And the frogs shall come up both on thee, and upon thy people, and upon all thy servants.

5 And the LORD spake unto Moses, Say unto Aaron, Stretch forth thine hand with thy rod over the streams, over the rivers, and over the ponds, and cause frogs to come up upon the land of Egypt.

6 And Aaron stretched out his hand over the waters of Egypt; and the frogs came up, and covered the land of Egypt.

Magicians duplicate

7 And the magicians did so with their enchantments, and brought up frogs upon the land of Egypt.

8 Then Pharaoh called for Moses and Aaron, and said, Intreat the LORD, that he may take away the frogs from me, and from my people; and I will let the people go, that they may do sacrifice unto the LORD.

9 And Moses said unto Pharaoh, Glory over me: when shall I intreat for thee, and for thy servants, and for thy people, to destroy the frogs from thee and thy houses, that they may remain in the river only?

10 And he said, To morrow. And he said, Be it according to thy word: that thou mayest know that there is none like unto the LORD our God.

11 And the frogs shall depart from thee, and from thy houses, and from thy servants, and from thy people; they shall remain in the river only.

12 And Moses and Aaron went out from Pharaoh: and Moses cried unto the LORD because of the frogs which he had brought against Pharaoh.

13 And the LORD did according to the word of Moses; and the frogs died out of the houses, out of the villages, and out of the fields.

14 And they gathered them together upon heaps: and the land stank.

15 But when Pharaoh saw that there was respite, he hardened(וְהַכְבֵּד֙ VavYodKafBeitLamedkabad)^[3] his heart, and hearkened not unto them; as the LORD had said.

The Third Plague: Gnats

16 And the LORD said unto Moses, Say unto Aaron, Stretch out thy rod, and smite the dust of the land, that it may become lice throughout all the land of Egypt.

17 And they did so; for Aaron stretched out his hand with his rod, and smote the dust of the earth, and it became lice in man, and in beast; all the dust of the land became lice throughout all the land of Egypt.

Magicians fail

18 And the magicians did so with their enchantments to bring forth lice, but they could not: so there were lice upon man, and upon beast.

19 Then the magicians said unto Pharaoh, This is the finger of God: and Pharaoh's heart was hardened(chazaq)^[4], and he hearkened not unto them; as the LORD had said.

The Fourth Plague: Flies

20 And the LORD said unto Moses, Rise up early in the morning, and stand before Pharaoh; lo, he cometh forth to the water; and say unto him, Thus saith the LORD, Let my people go, that they may serve me.

21 Else, if thou wilt not let my people go, behold, I will send swarms of flies upon thee, and upon thy servants, and upon thy people, and into thy houses: and the houses of the Egyptians shall be full of swarms of flies, and also the ground whereon they are.

Goshen spared

22 And I will sever in that day the land of Goshen, in which my people dwell, that no swarms of flies shall be there; to the end thou mayest know that I am the LORD in the midst of the earth.

23 And I will put a division between my people and thy people: to morrow shall this sign be.

24 And the LORD did so; and there came a grievous(כָּבֵ֔ד kabed)^[5] swarm of flies into the house of Pharaoh, and into his servants' houses, and into all the land of Egypt: the land was corrupted by reason of the swarm of flies.

Must be three days away

25 And Pharaoh called for Moses and for Aaron, and said, Go ye, sacrifice to your God in the land.

26 And Moses said, It is not meet so to do; for we shall sacrifice the abomination of the Egyptians to the LORD our God: lo, shall we sacrifice the abomination of the Egyptians before their eyes, and will they not stone us?

27 We will go three days' journey into the wilderness, and sacrifice to the LORD our God, as he shall command us.

28 And Pharaoh said, I will let you go, that ye may sacrifice to the LORD your God in the wilderness; only ye shall not go very far away: intreat for me.

Warns no more deceit

29 And Moses said, Behold, I go out from thee, and I will intreat the LORD that the swarms of flies may depart from Pharaoh, from his servants, and from his people, to morrow: but let not Pharaoh deal deceitfully any more in not letting the people go to sacrifice to the LORD.

30 And Moses went out from Pharaoh, and intreated the LORD.

31 And the LORD did according to the word of Moses; and he removed the swarms of flies from Pharaoh, from his servants, and from his people; there remained not one.

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↑ 10 Plagues of Egypt
Hapi - god of the Nile
Heket- goddess of Fertility with the head of a frog.
Geb - god of earth (Lice)
Khepri - god of motion of the sun with a "head of a fly"
Hathor - goddess of Love depicted with the head of a cow
Isis - goddess of Medicine, Boils and Sores
Nut - goddess of the Sky, Hail rained as fire
Seth - god of Storms and Disorder, clouds of Locusts
Ra - a Sun god, Three Days of Darkness
Pharaoh - The god of the first fruit of the fruit of Egypt, Death of the Firstborn
↑
02748 חַרְטֹם‎ chartom [khar-tome’] ChetReishTetMem from the same as 02747 cheret engraving tool; n m; [BDB-355a] [{See TWOT on 738 @@ "738b" }] AV-magician 11; 11
1) diviner, magician, astrologer
1a) engraver, writer (only in derivative sense of one possessed of occult knowledge)
- ח Chet The Life Force - Dynamic nature of - cause and effect - give life and live.[fence, thread, hedge, chamber...cycle] (Numeric value: 8)
- ר Reish Process of Clarification The "head" or "beginning". Life's revelation. [Head... Person head highest] (Numeric value: 200)
- ט Tet Introversion - The Concealed power of good or paradoxically evil [to twist a snake... wheel To surround (gestation)] (Numeric value: 9)
- מ ם Mem Fountain of water, a flow, a fountain of the Divine Wisdom [massive, overpower chaos] (Numeric value: 40)
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 03513 ^דבכ^ kabad \@kaw-bad’\@ or ^דבכ^ kabed \@kaw-bade’\@ KufBeitDalet a primitive root; v; {See TWOT on 943} AV-honour 34, glorify 14, honourable 14, heavy 13, harden 7, glorious 5, sore 3, made heavy 3, chargeable 2, great 2, many 2, heavier 2, promote 2, misc 10; 116
1) to be heavy, be weighty, be grievous, be hard, be rich, be honourable, be glorious, be burdensome, be honoured
1a) (Qal)
1a1) to be heavy

1a2) to be heavy, be insensible, be dull

1a3) to be honoured

1b) (Niphal)
1b1) to be made heavy, be honoured, enjoy honour, be made abundant

1b2) to get oneself glory or honour, gain glory

1c) (Piel)
1c1) to make heavy, make dull, make insensible

1c2) to make honourable, honour, glorify

1d) (Pual) to be made honourable, be honoured

1e) (Hiphil)
1e1) to make heavy

1e2) to make heavy, make dull, make unresponsive

1e3) to cause to be honoured

1f) (Hithpael)
1f1) to make oneself heavy, make oneself dense, make oneself numerous

1f2) to honour oneself
See 03519 Greek Doxa 1391 See 03516 כָּבֵד‎ kabed liver 03515 כָּבֵד‎ kabed great 03514 כֹּבֶד‎ kobed heavy from 03513 כָּבַד‎ kabad honor;
↑
02388 ^קזח^ chazaq \@khaw-zak’\@ a primitive root ChetZayinKuf; v; {See TWOT on 636} AV-strong 48, repair 47, hold 37, strengthened 28, strengthen 14, harden 13, prevail 10, encourage 9, take 9, courage 8, caught 5, stronger 5, hold 5, misc 52; 290
1) to strengthen, prevail, harden, be strong, become strong, be courageous, be firm, grow firm, be resolute, be sore
1a) (Qal)
1a1) to be strong, grow strong
1a1a) to prevail, prevail upon

1a1b) to be firm, be caught fast, be secure

1a1c) to press, be urgent

1a1d) to grow stout, grow rigid, grow hard (bad sense)

1a1e) to be severe, be grievous

1a2) to strengthen

1b) (Piel)
1b1) to make strong

1b2) to restore to strength, give strength

1b3) to strengthen, sustain, encourage

1b4) to make strong, make bold, encourage

1b5) to make firm

1b6) to make rigid, make hard

1c) (Hiphil)
1c1) to make strong, strengthen

1c2) to make firm

1c3) to display strength

1c4) to make severe

1c5) to support

1c6) to repair

1c7) to prevail, prevail upon

1c8) to have or take or keep hold of, retain, hold up, sustain, support

1c9) to hold, contain

1d) (Hithpael)
1d1) to strengthen oneself

1d2) to put forth strength, use one’s strength

1d3) to withstand

1d4) to hold strongly with
- ק Kuf or Kof Omnipresence - Redemption of Fallen Sparks The paradoxical union Reish and a Zayin holiness or separateness omnipresence of God [Cord and needle 𐤒 ... back of head neck... the last or least] (Numeric value: 100)
- זָ ז Zayin The "Crowned" head. The Service and Valor, cut and bread, war and nourish. [weapon.... Cut, to cut off, manacle] (Numeric value: 7)
- ח Chet The Life Force - Dynamic nature of - cause and effect - give life and live.[fence, thread, hedge, chamber...cycle] (Numeric value: 8)
- Three words used to describe the hardened 03515 kebed, 07185 qashah, 02388 chazaq heart of the Pharaoh by Moses.
↑
03515 כָּבֵד‎ kebed [kaw-bade’] KufBeitDalet from 03513 KufBeitDalet honour ; adj; [BDB-458a] [{See TWOT on 943 @@ "943a" }] AV-great 8, grievous 8, heavy 8, sore 4, hard 2, much 2, slow 2, hardened 1, heavier 1, laden 1, thick 1; 38
1) heavy, great
1a) heavy

1b) massive, abundant, numerous

1c) heavy, dull

1d) hard, difficult, burdensome

1e) very oppressive, numerous, rich
- Three words used to describe the hardened 03515 kebed, 07185 qashah, 02388 chazaq heart of the Pharaoh by Moses.

[plague-1] 10 Plagues of Egypt
Hapi - god of the Nile
Heket- goddess of Fertility with the head of a frog.
Geb - god of earth (Lice)
Khepri - god of motion of the sun with a "head of a fly"
Hathor - goddess of Love depicted with the head of a cow
Isis - goddess of Medicine, Boils and Sores
Nut - goddess of the Sky, Hail rained as fire
Seth - god of Storms and Disorder, clouds of Locusts
Ra - a Sun god, Three Days of Darkness
Pharaoh - The god of the first fruit of the fruit of Egypt, Death of the Firstborn

[chartom-2] 02748 חַרְטֹם‎ chartom [khar-tome’] ChetReishTetMem from the same as 02747 cheret engraving tool; n m; [BDB-355a] [{See TWOT on 738 @@ "738b" }] AV-magician 11; 11
1) diviner, magician, astrologer
1a) engraver, writer (only in derivative sense of one possessed of occult knowledge)

ח Chet The Life Force - Dynamic nature of - cause and effect - give life and live.[fence, thread, hedge, chamber...cycle] (Numeric value: 8)

ר Reish Process of Clarification The "head" or "beginning". Life's revelation. [Head... Person head highest] (Numeric value: 200)

ט Tet Introversion - The Concealed power of good or paradoxically evil [to twist a snake... wheel To surround (gestation)] (Numeric value: 9)

מ ם Mem Fountain of water, a flow, a fountain of the Divine Wisdom [massive, overpower chaos] (Numeric value: 40)

[3] ח Chet The Life Force - Dynamic nature of - cause and effect - give life and live.[fence, thread, hedge, chamber...cycle] (Numeric value: 8)

[4] ר Reish Process of Clarification The "head" or "beginning". Life's revelation. [Head... Person head highest] (Numeric value: 200)

[5] ט Tet Introversion - The Concealed power of good or paradoxically evil [to twist a snake... wheel To surround (gestation)] (Numeric value: 9)

[6] מ ם Mem Fountain of water, a flow, a fountain of the Divine Wisdom [massive, overpower chaos] (Numeric value: 40)

[kabad3-3] 3.0 ^3.1 03513 ^דבכ^ kabad \@kaw-bad’\@ or ^דבכ^ kabed \@kaw-bade’\@ KufBeitDalet a primitive root; v; {See TWOT on 943} AV-honour 34, glorify 14, honourable 14, heavy 13, harden 7, glorious 5, sore 3, made heavy 3, chargeable 2, great 2, many 2, heavier 2, promote 2, misc 10; 116
1) to be heavy, be weighty, be grievous, be hard, be rich, be honourable, be glorious, be burdensome, be honoured
1a) (Qal)
1a1) to be heavy

1a2) to be heavy, be insensible, be dull

1a3) to be honoured

1b) (Niphal)
1b1) to be made heavy, be honoured, enjoy honour, be made abundant

1b2) to get oneself glory or honour, gain glory

1c) (Piel)
1c1) to make heavy, make dull, make insensible

1c2) to make honourable, honour, glorify

1d) (Pual) to be made honourable, be honoured

1e) (Hiphil)
1e1) to make heavy

1e2) to make heavy, make dull, make unresponsive

1e3) to cause to be honoured

1f) (Hithpael)
1f1) to make oneself heavy, make oneself dense, make oneself numerous

1f2) to honour oneself
See 03519 Greek Doxa 1391 See 03516 כָּבֵד‎ kabed liver 03515 כָּבֵד‎ kabed great 03514 כֹּבֶד‎ kobed heavy from 03513 כָּבַד‎ kabad honor;

[chazaq-4] 02388 ^קזח^ chazaq \@khaw-zak’\@ a primitive root ChetZayinKuf; v; {See TWOT on 636} AV-strong 48, repair 47, hold 37, strengthened 28, strengthen 14, harden 13, prevail 10, encourage 9, take 9, courage 8, caught 5, stronger 5, hold 5, misc 52; 290
1) to strengthen, prevail, harden, be strong, become strong, be courageous, be firm, grow firm, be resolute, be sore
1a) (Qal)
1a1) to be strong, grow strong
1a1a) to prevail, prevail upon

1a1b) to be firm, be caught fast, be secure

1a1c) to press, be urgent

1a1d) to grow stout, grow rigid, grow hard (bad sense)

1a1e) to be severe, be grievous

1a2) to strengthen

1b) (Piel)
1b1) to make strong

1b2) to restore to strength, give strength

1b3) to strengthen, sustain, encourage

1b4) to make strong, make bold, encourage

1b5) to make firm

1b6) to make rigid, make hard

1c) (Hiphil)
1c1) to make strong, strengthen

1c2) to make firm

1c3) to display strength

1c4) to make severe

1c5) to support

1c6) to repair

1c7) to prevail, prevail upon

1c8) to have or take or keep hold of, retain, hold up, sustain, support

1c9) to hold, contain

1d) (Hithpael)
1d1) to strengthen oneself

1d2) to put forth strength, use one’s strength

1d3) to withstand

1d4) to hold strongly with

ק Kuf or Kof Omnipresence - Redemption of Fallen Sparks The paradoxical union Reish and a Zayin holiness or separateness omnipresence of God [Cord and needle 𐤒 ... back of head neck... the last or least] (Numeric value: 100)

זָ ז Zayin The "Crowned" head. The Service and Valor, cut and bread, war and nourish. [weapon.... Cut, to cut off, manacle] (Numeric value: 7)

ח Chet The Life Force - Dynamic nature of - cause and effect - give life and live.[fence, thread, hedge, chamber...cycle] (Numeric value: 8)

Three words used to describe the hardened 03515 kebed, 07185 qashah, 02388 chazaq heart of the Pharaoh by Moses.

[9] ק Kuf or Kof Omnipresence - Redemption of Fallen Sparks The paradoxical union Reish and a Zayin holiness or separateness omnipresence of God [Cord and needle 𐤒 ... back of head neck... the last or least] (Numeric value: 100)

[10] זָ ז Zayin The "Crowned" head. The Service and Valor, cut and bread, war and nourish. [weapon.... Cut, to cut off, manacle] (Numeric value: 7)

[11] ח Chet The Life Force - Dynamic nature of - cause and effect - give life and live.[fence, thread, hedge, chamber...cycle] (Numeric value: 8)

[12] Three words used to describe the hardened 03515 kebed, 07185 qashah, 02388 chazaq heart of the Pharaoh by Moses.

[kabed-5] 03515 כָּבֵד‎ kebed [kaw-bade’] KufBeitDalet from 03513 KufBeitDalet honour ; adj; [BDB-458a] [{See TWOT on 943 @@ "943a" }] AV-great 8, grievous 8, heavy 8, sore 4, hard 2, much 2, slow 2, hardened 1, heavier 1, laden 1, thick 1; 38
1) heavy, great
1a) heavy

1b) massive, abundant, numerous

1c) heavy, dull

1d) hard, difficult, burdensome

1e) very oppressive, numerous, rich

Three words used to describe the hardened 03515 kebed, 07185 qashah, 02388 chazaq heart of the Pharaoh by Moses.

[14] Three words used to describe the hardened 03515 kebed, 07185 qashah, 02388 chazaq heart of the Pharaoh by Moses.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

Exodus 8

Contents

The Second Plague: Frogs

Magicians duplicate

The Third Plague: Gnats

Magicians fail

The Fourth Plague: Flies

Goshen spared

Must be three days away

Warns no more deceit

Navigation menu

Exodus 8

The Second Plague: Frogs

Magicians duplicate

The Third Plague: Gnats

Magicians fail

The Fourth Plague: Flies

Goshen spared

Must be three days away

Warns no more deceit

Navigation menu

Search