John 19

Ruben's painting of the beloved disciple. The Gospel of John is a uniquely written scripture from the "Johannine" society.

Comments
V1-5 Roman thinking. Romans respected individual courage and often tested conviction to determine the truth and honor of the individual.^[1] This scourging was likely two fold in its purpose. To test and demonstrate the conviction of the man but also encourage empathy among some and diminishing the resolve of his opposition.
V4 & V6 it was the chief priests who cried out, Crucify him, crucify him. Pilate finds no fault again and again.
V7 The Jews say by our law he ought to die, because he made himself the Son of God.
V8 Why did this frighten Pilate? Who did Pilate call the Son of God? "more afraid;"^[2] "frighten, i.e. (passively) to be alarmed; by analogy, to be in awe of".
V9 Pilate needs Jesus to proclaim his source of temporal authority and Whence^[3] it comes. But Jesus gave him no answer.
V10 Pilate wants Jesus to testify in court to give him jurisdiction to pardon/ release^[4] him. 11 Jesus tells him the only choice/power<exousia 1849> has been given from above: and the greater sin belongs to another.
V12 Pilate sought to release^[4] him: but the Jews accused him of not being Caesar’s friend.
V13-14 Pilate legally rules in the Roman court, "Behold your King!"
V15 fulfills the project of Jesus at the beginning of his ministry out of the mouth of the chief priests.^[5]
V16 Jesus was delivered^[6] and he was taken^[7].
V17 He carried his cross to the place of a skull, Golgotha:
V19 Pilate wrote a title,^[8] JESUS OF NAZARETH THE KING OF THE JEWS.^[9]

Jesus Delivered to Be Crucified

1 ¶ Then Pilate therefore took Jesus, and scourged him.

Trial by torture

2 And the soldiers platted a crown of thorns, and put it on his head, and they put on him a purple robe,

3 And said, Hail, King of the Jews! and they smote him with their hands.

No fault

4 Pilate therefore went forth again, and saith unto them, Behold, I bring him forth to you, that ye may know that I find no fault in him.

Man of courage and honor

5 Then came Jesus forth, wearing the crown of thorns, and the purple robe. And Pilate saith unto them, Behold the man!

A party in power

6 When the chief priests therefore and officers saw him, they cried out, saying, Crucify him, crucify him. Pilate saith unto them, Take ye him, and crucify him: for I find no fault in him.

7 The Jews answered him, We have a law, and by our law he ought to die, because he made himself the Son of God.

8 When Pilate therefore heard that saying, he was the more afraid;^[2]

9 And went again into the judgment hall, and saith unto Jesus, Whence^[3] art thou? But Jesus gave him no answer.

10 Then saith Pilate unto him, Speakest thou not unto me? knowest thou not that I have power to crucify thee, and have power to release^[4] thee?

11 Jesus answered, Thou couldest have no power<exousia 1849> at all against me, except it were given thee from above: therefore he that delivered me unto thee hath the greater sin.

12 And from thenceforth Pilate sought to release him: but the Jews cried out, saying, If thou let this man go, thou art not Caesar’s friend: whosoever maketh himself a king speaketh against Caesar.

13 When Pilate therefore heard that saying, he brought Jesus forth, and sat down in the judgment seat in a place that is called the Pavement, but in the Hebrew, Gabbatha.

14 And it was the preparation of the passover, and about the sixth hour: and he saith unto the Jews, Behold your King!

15 But they cried out, Away with him, away with him, crucify him. Pilate saith unto them, Shall I crucify your King?^[5] The chief priests answered, We have no king but Caesar.

The Crucifixion

16 ¶ Then delivered^[6] he him therefore unto them to be crucified. And they took^[7] Jesus, and led him away.

17 And he bearing his cross went forth into a place called the place of a skull, which is called in the Hebrew Golgotha:

18 Where they crucified him, and two other with him, on either side one, and Jesus in the midst.

Still the king

19 ¶ And Pilate wrote a title,^[8] and put it on the cross. And the writing was, JESUS OF NAZARETH THE KING OF THE JEWS.^[9]

20 This title^[8] then read many of the Jews: for the place where Jesus was crucified was nigh to the city: and it was written in Hebrew, and Greek, and Latin.

21 Then said the chief priests of the Jews to Pilate, Write not, The King of the Jews; but that he said, I am King of the Jews. 22 Pilate answered, What I have written I have written.

23 Then the soldiers, when they had crucified Jesus, took his garments, and made four parts, to every soldier a part; and also his coat: now the coat was without seam, woven from the top throughout.

24 They said therefore among themselves, Let us not rend it, but cast lots for it, whose it shall be: that the scripture might be fulfilled, which saith, They parted my raiment among them, and for my vesture they did cast lots. These things therefore the soldiers did.

25 Now there stood by the cross of Jesus his mother, and his mother’s sister, Mary the wife of Cleophas, and Mary Magdalene.

26 When Jesus therefore saw his mother, and the disciple standing by, whom he loved, he saith unto his mother, Woman, behold thy son!

27 Then saith he to the disciple, Behold thy mother! And from that hour that disciple took her unto his own home.

The Death of Jesus

28 After this, Jesus knowing that all things were now accomplished, that the scripture might be fulfilled, saith, I thirst.

29 Now there was set a vessel full of vinegar: and they filled a spunge with vinegar, and put it upon hyssop, and put it to his mouth.

30 When Jesus therefore had received the vinegar, he said, It is finished: and he bowed his head, and gave up the ghost.

Jesus' Side Is Pierced

31 ¶ The Jews therefore, because it was the preparation, that the bodies should not remain upon the cross on the sabbath day, (for that sabbath day was an high day,) besought Pilate that their legs might be broken, and that they might be taken away.

32 Then came the soldiers, and brake the legs of the first, and of the other which was crucified with him.

33 But when they came to Jesus, and saw that he was dead already, they brake not his legs:

34 But one of the soldiers with a spear pierced his side, and forthwith came there out blood and water.

35 And he that saw it bare record, and his record is true: and he knoweth that he saith true, that ye might believe.

36 For these things were done, that the scripture should be fulfilled, A bone of him shall not be broken.

37 And again another scripture saith, They shall look on him whom they pierced.

Jesus Is Buried

38 ¶ And after this Joseph of Arimathaea, being a disciple of Jesus, but secretly for fear of the Jews, besought Pilate that he might take away the body of Jesus: and Pilate gave him leave. He came therefore, and took the body of Jesus.

39 And there came also Nicodemus, which at the first came to Jesus by night, and brought a mixture of myrrh and aloes, about an hundred pound weight.

40 Then took they the body of Jesus, and wound it in linen clothes with the spices, as the manner of the Jews is to bury.

41 Now in the place where he was crucified there was a garden; and in the garden a new sepulchre, wherein was never man yet laid.

42 There laid they Jesus therefore because of the Jews’ preparation day; for the sepulchre was nigh at hand.

↑ A mix of Gauls and Jutes had invaded Rome in late July 390 BCE. The city fell to the invaders because troops had fled the battle field and left the city undefended to be burnt and sacked. The experience would alter the culture of the Roman people instilling in young and old a need for courage and cooperation to establish a voluntary civic brotherhood of honor. Subsequent threats would lead major changes in the internal politics of Rome, and the reorganization of its military by Gaius Marius, an uncle of Julius Caesar. These the Marian reforms that altered the Roman culture and change the course of history.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1
5399 φοβέω phobeo [fob-eh’-o] from 5401 n fear, dread, terror; v; TDNT-9:189,1272; [{See TDNT 833 }] AV-fear 62, be afraid 23, be afraid of 5, reverence 1, misc 2; 93
1) to put to flight by terrifying (to scare away)
1a) to put to flight, to flee

1b) to fear, be afraid
1b1) to be struck with fear, to be seized with alarm
1b1a) of those startled by strange sights or occurrences

1b1b) of those struck with amazement

1b2) to fear, be afraid of one

1b3) to fear (i.e. hesitate) to do something (for fear of harm)

1c) to reverence, venerate, to treat with deference or reverential obedience
- For Synonyms see entry 5841
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 ‭4159. ποθεν pothen poth’-en; from the base of 4213 posis drink with enclitic adverb of origin; from which (as interrogative) or what (as relative) place, state, source or cause: — whence. ‭
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 630 ~ἀπολύω~ apoluo \@ap-ol-oo’-o\@ from 575 From and 3089 loose; ; v AV-release 17, put away 14, send away 13, let go 13, set at liberty 2, let depart 2, dismiss 2, misc 6; 69
1) to set free

2) to let go, dismiss, (to detain no longer)
2a) a petitioner to whom liberty to depart is given by a decisive answer

2b) to bid depart, send away

3) to let go free, release
3a) a captive i.e. to loose his bonds and bid him depart, to give him liberty to depart

3b) to acquit one accused of a crime and set him at liberty

3c) indulgently to grant a prisoner leave to depart

3d) to release a debtor, i.e. not to press one’s claim against him, to remit his debt

4) used of divorce, to dismiss from the house, to repudiate. The wife of a Greek or Roman may divorce her husband.

5) to send one’s self away, to depart
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 Appoint a kingdom
Matthew 21:43 "Therefore say I unto you, The kingdom of God shall be taken from you, and given to a nation bringing forth the fruits thereof."

Luke 12:32 "Fear not, little flock; for it is your Father’s good pleasure to give you the kingdom."

Luke 22:29 "And I appoint unto you a kingdom, as my Father hath appointed unto me;"

John 19:15 But they cried out, Away with [him], away with [him], crucify him. Pilate saith unto them, Shall I crucify your King? The chief priests answered, We have no king but Caesar.
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 3860 ~παραδίδωμι~ paradidomi \@par-ad-id’-o-mee\@ from 3844 and 1325; TDNT-2:169,166; {See TDNT 191} v AV-deliver 53, betray 40, deliver up 10, give 4, give up 4, give over 2, commit 2, misc 6; 121
1) to give into the hands (of another)

2) to give over into (one’s) power or use
2a) to deliver to one something to keep, use, take care of, manage

2b) to deliver up one to custody, to be judged, condemned, punished, scourged, tormented, put to death

2c) to deliver up treacherously
2c1) by betrayal to cause one to be taken

2c2) to deliver one to be taught, moulded

3) to commit, to commend

4) to deliver verbally
4a) commands, rites

4b) to deliver by narrating, to report

5) to permit allow
5a) when the fruit will allow that is the time when its ripeness permits

5b) gives itself up, presents itself
↑ ^7.0 ^7.1 3880. παραλαμβανω paralambano par-al-am-ban’-o; from 3844 and 2983; to receive near, i.e. associate with oneself (in any familiar or intimate act or relation); by analogy, to assume an office; figuratively, to learn: — receive, take (unto, with). ‭
↑ ^8.0 ^8.1 ^8.2
5102 ~τίτλος~ titlos \@tit’-los\@ of Latin origin; ; n m AV-title 2; 2
1) a title which is the result of a judicial procedure.

2) an inscription, giving the accusation or crime for which a criminal suffered
- John 19:19 And Pilate wrote a title <5102>, and put it on the cross. And the writing was, JESUS OF NAZARETH THE KING OF THE JEWS. This title <5102> then read many of the Jews: for the place where Jesus was crucified was nigh to the city: and it was written in Hebrew, and Greek, and Latin.
↑ ^9.0 ^9.1 Another King
Acts 17:7 "Whom Jason hath received: and these all do contrary to the decrees of Caesar, saying that there is another king, one Jesus."

Matthew 2:1 "Now when Jesus was born in Bethlehem of Judaea in the days of Herod the king, behold, there came wise men from the east to Jerusalem, 2 Saying, Where is he that is born King of the Jews? for we have seen his star in the east, and are come to worship him."

Matthew 27:11 "And Jesus stood before the governor: and the governor asked him, saying, Art thou the King of the Jews? And Jesus said unto him, Thou sayest."

Matthew 27:37 "And set up over his head his accusation written, THIS IS JESUS THE KING OF THE JEWS."

Mark 15:26 "And the superscription of his accusation was written over, THE KING OF THE JEWS."

John 6:15 "When Jesus therefore perceived that they would come and take him by force, to make him a king, he departed again into a mountain himself alone."

John 17:6-18“‭6 I have manifested thy name unto the men which thou gavest me out of the world: ... ‭9 I pray for them: I pray not for the world, ... ‭11 And now I am no more in the world, but these are in the world, ... ‭12 While I was with them in the world, I kept them in thy name: those that thou gavest me I have kept, and none of them is lost, but the son of perdition; that the scripture might be fulfilled. ‭13 And now come I to thee; and these things I speak in the world, that they might have my joy fulfilled in themselves. ‭14 I have given them thy word; and the world hath hated them, because they are not of the world, even as I am not of the world. ‭15 I pray not that thou shouldest take them out of the world, but that thou shouldest keep them from the evil. ‭16 They are not of the world, even as I am not of the world. ‭17 Sanctify them through thy truth: thy word is truth. ‭18 As thou hast sent me into the world, even so have I also sent them into the world.”

John 18:33 "Then Pilate entered into the judgment hall again, and called Jesus, and said unto him, Art thou the King of the Jews?... 36 Jesus answered, My kingdom is not of this world: if my kingdom were of this world, then would my servants fight, that I should not be delivered to the Jews: but now is my kingdom not from hence. 37 Pilate therefore said unto him, Art thou a king then? Jesus answered, Thou sayest that I am a king. To this end was I born, and for this cause came I into the world, that I should bear witness unto the truth. Every one that is of the truth heareth my voice."

John 19:19 "And Pilate wrote a title, and put it on the cross. And the writing was, JESUS OF NAZARETH THE KING OF THE JEWS."

[1] A mix of Gauls and Jutes had invaded Rome in late July 390 BCE. The city fell to the invaders because troops had fled the battle field and left the city undefended to be burnt and sacked. The experience would alter the culture of the Roman people instilling in young and old a need for courage and cooperation to establish a voluntary civic brotherhood of honor. Subsequent threats would lead major changes in the internal politics of Rome, and the reorganization of its military by Gaius Marius, an uncle of Julius Caesar. These the Marian reforms that altered the Roman culture and change the course of history.

[phobeo-2] 2.0 ^2.1 5399 φοβέω phobeo [fob-eh’-o] from 5401 n fear, dread, terror; v; TDNT-9:189,1272; [{See TDNT 833 }] AV-fear 62, be afraid 23, be afraid of 5, reverence 1, misc 2; 93
1) to put to flight by terrifying (to scare away)
1a) to put to flight, to flee

1b) to fear, be afraid
1b1) to be struck with fear, to be seized with alarm
1b1a) of those startled by strange sights or occurrences

1b1b) of those struck with amazement

1b2) to fear, be afraid of one

1b3) to fear (i.e. hesitate) to do something (for fear of harm)

1c) to reverence, venerate, to treat with deference or reverential obedience

For Synonyms see entry 5841

[3] For Synonyms see entry 5841

[pothen-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ‭4159. ποθεν pothen poth’-en; from the base of 4213 posis drink with enclitic adverb of origin; from which (as interrogative) or what (as relative) place, state, source or cause: — whence. ‭

[apoluo-4] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 630 ~ἀπολύω~ apoluo \@ap-ol-oo’-o\@ from 575 From and 3089 loose; ; v AV-release 17, put away 14, send away 13, let go 13, set at liberty 2, let depart 2, dismiss 2, misc 6; 69
1) to set free

2) to let go, dismiss, (to detain no longer)
2a) a petitioner to whom liberty to depart is given by a decisive answer

2b) to bid depart, send away

3) to let go free, release
3a) a captive i.e. to loose his bonds and bid him depart, to give him liberty to depart

3b) to acquit one accused of a crime and set him at liberty

3c) indulgently to grant a prisoner leave to depart

3d) to release a debtor, i.e. not to press one’s claim against him, to remit his debt

4) used of divorce, to dismiss from the house, to repudiate. The wife of a Greek or Roman may divorce her husband.

5) to send one’s self away, to depart

[Appointk-5] 5.0 ^5.1 Appoint a kingdom
Matthew 21:43 "Therefore say I unto you, The kingdom of God shall be taken from you, and given to a nation bringing forth the fruits thereof."

Luke 12:32 "Fear not, little flock; for it is your Father’s good pleasure to give you the kingdom."

Luke 22:29 "And I appoint unto you a kingdom, as my Father hath appointed unto me;"

John 19:15 But they cried out, Away with [him], away with [him], crucify him. Pilate saith unto them, Shall I crucify your King? The chief priests answered, We have no king but Caesar.

[paradidomi-6] 6.0 ^6.1 3860 ~παραδίδωμι~ paradidomi \@par-ad-id’-o-mee\@ from 3844 and 1325; TDNT-2:169,166; {See TDNT 191} v AV-deliver 53, betray 40, deliver up 10, give 4, give up 4, give over 2, commit 2, misc 6; 121
1) to give into the hands (of another)

2) to give over into (one’s) power or use
2a) to deliver to one something to keep, use, take care of, manage

2b) to deliver up one to custody, to be judged, condemned, punished, scourged, tormented, put to death

2c) to deliver up treacherously
2c1) by betrayal to cause one to be taken

2c2) to deliver one to be taught, moulded

3) to commit, to commend

4) to deliver verbally
4a) commands, rites

4b) to deliver by narrating, to report

5) to permit allow
5a) when the fruit will allow that is the time when its ripeness permits

5b) gives itself up, presents itself

[paralambano-7] 7.0 ^7.1 3880. παραλαμβανω paralambano par-al-am-ban’-o; from 3844 and 2983; to receive near, i.e. associate with oneself (in any familiar or intimate act or relation); by analogy, to assume an office; figuratively, to learn: — receive, take (unto, with). ‭

[titlos-8] 8.0 ^8.1 ^8.2 5102 ~τίτλος~ titlos \@tit’-los\@ of Latin origin; ; n m AV-title 2; 2
1) a title which is the result of a judicial procedure.

2) an inscription, giving the accusation or crime for which a criminal suffered

John 19:19 And Pilate wrote a title <5102>, and put it on the cross. And the writing was, JESUS OF NAZARETH THE KING OF THE JEWS. This title <5102> then read many of the Jews: for the place where Jesus was crucified was nigh to the city: and it was written in Hebrew, and Greek, and Latin.

[10] John 19:19 And Pilate wrote a title <5102>, and put it on the cross. And the writing was, JESUS OF NAZARETH THE KING OF THE JEWS. This title <5102> then read many of the Jews: for the place where Jesus was crucified was nigh to the city: and it was written in Hebrew, and Greek, and Latin.

[Anothking-9] 9.0 ^9.1 Another King
Acts 17:7 "Whom Jason hath received: and these all do contrary to the decrees of Caesar, saying that there is another king, one Jesus."

Matthew 2:1 "Now when Jesus was born in Bethlehem of Judaea in the days of Herod the king, behold, there came wise men from the east to Jerusalem, 2 Saying, Where is he that is born King of the Jews? for we have seen his star in the east, and are come to worship him."

Matthew 27:11 "And Jesus stood before the governor: and the governor asked him, saying, Art thou the King of the Jews? And Jesus said unto him, Thou sayest."

Matthew 27:37 "And set up over his head his accusation written, THIS IS JESUS THE KING OF THE JEWS."

Mark 15:26 "And the superscription of his accusation was written over, THE KING OF THE JEWS."

John 6:15 "When Jesus therefore perceived that they would come and take him by force, to make him a king, he departed again into a mountain himself alone."

John 17:6-18“‭6 I have manifested thy name unto the men which thou gavest me out of the world: ... ‭9 I pray for them: I pray not for the world, ... ‭11 And now I am no more in the world, but these are in the world, ... ‭12 While I was with them in the world, I kept them in thy name: those that thou gavest me I have kept, and none of them is lost, but the son of perdition; that the scripture might be fulfilled. ‭13 And now come I to thee; and these things I speak in the world, that they might have my joy fulfilled in themselves. ‭14 I have given them thy word; and the world hath hated them, because they are not of the world, even as I am not of the world. ‭15 I pray not that thou shouldest take them out of the world, but that thou shouldest keep them from the evil. ‭16 They are not of the world, even as I am not of the world. ‭17 Sanctify them through thy truth: thy word is truth. ‭18 As thou hast sent me into the world, even so have I also sent them into the world.”

John 18:33 "Then Pilate entered into the judgment hall again, and called Jesus, and said unto him, Art thou the King of the Jews?... 36 Jesus answered, My kingdom is not of this world: if my kingdom were of this world, then would my servants fight, that I should not be delivered to the Jews: but now is my kingdom not from hence. 37 Pilate therefore said unto him, Art thou a king then? Jesus answered, Thou sayest that I am a king. To this end was I born, and for this cause came I into the world, that I should bear witness unto the truth. Every one that is of the truth heareth my voice."

John 19:19 "And Pilate wrote a title, and put it on the cross. And the writing was, JESUS OF NAZARETH THE KING OF THE JEWS."

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John 19

Contents

Jesus Delivered to Be Crucified

Trial by torture

No fault

Man of courage and honor

A party in power

The Crucifixion

Still the king

The Death of Jesus

Jesus' Side Is Pierced

Jesus Is Buried

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John 19

Jesus Delivered to Be Crucified

Trial by torture

No fault

Man of courage and honor

A party in power

The Crucifixion

Still the king

The Death of Jesus

Jesus' Side Is Pierced

Jesus Is Buried

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