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[[File:Golem2.jpg|right|thumb|The '''[[Golem]]''' in Jewish folklore is a monster made with no soul but can act like a [[person]] to do its master's bidding. It was created from clay, just like ancient [[contracts]] were written on clay tablets and baked to preserve the terms of an agreement. Those documents formed a [[corporation]] by [[consent]] were sworn to by [[Swear not|oaths]] to hold the parties bound or captive to the agreement ([[Pacta servanda sunt]]). The word "truth", ''Emet'' (אמת) , written across the [[Golem]]'s forehead activated the [[corpus]]. By erasing the first letter [[Aleph]] (א) which represent the true relationship of ''God and man'', Emet becomes Met (מת), meaning ''death''.]]
== Person ==
== Person ==


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== Person and the law ==
== Person and the law ==


The words “person” and “individual” are not synonymous. “Person” being defined as, “a man considered according to the rank he holds in society, with all the right to which the place he holds entitles him, and the duties which it imposes.”<Ref>Black’s 3rd. Ed. p. 1355.</Ref>  
The words “[[person]]” and “individual” are not synonymous. “[[Person]]” being defined as, “a man considered according to the rank he holds in society, with all the right to which the place he holds entitles him, and the duties which it imposes.”<Ref>Black’s 3rd. Ed. p. 1355.</Ref> Other nations agree with this definition like Canada.<Ref>Barron's Canadian Law Dictionary, 3rd edition.
: '''Natural person''': A natural person is a human being that has the capacity for rights and duties.
: '''Artificial person''': A legal entity, not a human being, recognized as a person in law to whom certain legal rights and duties my be attached - e.g. a body corporate."</Ref>


The word “individual” in the book “Language,” found in the Volume Library, is treated as a word “frequently misused” and clarifies its meaning with the statement, “The word (individual) should not be used in the mere sense of person. The word is correctly used in ‘Changes both in individuals and communities.’”
The word “individual” in the book “Language,” found in the Volume Library, is treated as a word “frequently misused” and clarifies its meaning with the statement, “The word (individual) should not be used in the mere sense of person. The word is correctly used in ‘Changes both in individuals and communities.’”
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Legal personality is usually acquired by registration.<Ref>[https://www.un.org/ruleoflaw/sdg-16/ The United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 16] advocates for the provision of legal identity for all, with “the implementation of worldwide birth registration” by 2030 as part of the 2030 Agenda.</Ref>
Legal personality is usually acquired by registration.<Ref>[https://www.un.org/ruleoflaw/sdg-16/ The United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 16] advocates for the provision of legal identity for all, with “the implementation of worldwide birth registration” by 2030 as part of the 2030 Agenda.</Ref>


As legal personality is a prerequisite to legal capacity and has a ''legal name'' with certain ''rights, [[protection]]s, privileges, responsibilities, and liabilities''  in law.  
As legal personality is a prerequisite to legal capacity and has a ''legal name'' with certain ''rights, [[protection]]s, privileges, responsibilities, and liabilities''  in law.
 


== Respecter of persons ==
== Respecter of persons ==
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[[Leviticus 19]]:15 Ye shall do no unrighteousness in judgment: thou shalt not respect the person of the poor, nor honour the person of the mighty: but in righteousness shalt thou judge thy neighbour.
[[Leviticus 19]]:15 "Ye shall do no unrighteousness in judgment: thou shalt not [[respecter of persons|respect the person]] of the poor, nor honour the person of the mighty: but in righteousness shalt thou judge thy neighbour."
   
   


<blockquotes> Related verses:
<blockquote> Related verses [[Leviticus 19]]:35; [[Exodus 18]]:21, [[Exodus 23]]:2, [[Exodus 23]]:2-3, [[Exodus 23]]:7-8; [[Deuteronomy 1]]:17, Deuteronomy 16:19, Deuteronomy 25:13-16, Deuteronomy 27:19; 2 Ch_19:6-7; Psalms 82:2; Proverbs 18:5, Proverbs 24:23; James 2:6-9
 
 
</blockquote>
 
 
[[Deuteronomy 1]]:17  Ye shall not [[respecter of persons|respect person]]s<Ref name="paniym">{{06440}}</Ref> in judgment; [but] ye shall hear the small as well as the great; ye shall not be afraid of the face of man; for the judgment [is] God’s: and the cause that is too hard for you, bring [it] unto me, and I will hear it.
<blockquote> Related verses to Deuteronomy 1:7
 
the mount: [[Genesis 15]]:16-21; [[Exodus 23]]:31; [[Numbers 34]]:3-12; [[Joshua 24]]:15; [[Amos 2]]:9
 
all the places: Hebrew all his neighbours
 
in the plain: [[Deuteronomy 11]]:11; [[Joshua 10]]:40, Joshua 11:16-17
 
the great: Deuteronomy 11:24; Joshua 1:4; 2 Samuel 8:3; 1Ch_5:9, 1Ch_18:3
 
 
</blockquote>
 
 
[[Deuteronomy 16]]:19  Thou shalt not wrest judgment; thou shalt not [[respecter of persons|respect persons]]<Ref name="paniym">{{06440}}</Ref>, neither take a gift: for a gift doth blind the eyes of the wise, and pervert the words of the righteous.
<blockquote> Related verses to Deuteronomy 16:19
 
wrest: Deuteronomy 24:17, Deuteronomy 27:19; Exo_23:2, Exo_23:6-8; Lev_19:15; 1 Samuel 8:3, 1 Samuel 12:3; Job_31:21-22;
 
Proverbs 17:23; Ecc_7:7; Isa_1:17, Isa_1:23, Isa_33:15; Jer_5:28; Eze_22:12; Mic_7:3; Hab_1:4; Zep_3:3-5;
 
Act_16:37, Act_23:3


<blockquotes>
respect: Deuteronomy 1:16-17, Deuteronomy 10:17; Exo_23:7-8; Proverbs 24:23, Proverbs 24:28; Act_10:34


words: or, matters


Deuteronomy 1:17  Ye shall not respect persons in judgment; [but] ye shall hear the small as well as the great; ye shall not be afraid of the face of man; for the judgment [is] God’s: and the cause that is too hard for you, bring [it] unto me, and I will hear it.
<blockquotes> Related verses:


<blockquotes>
</blockquote>




Deuteronomy 16:19 Thou shalt not wrest judgment; thou shalt not respect persons, neither take a gift: for a gift doth blind the eyes of the wise, and pervert the words of the righteous.
[[2 Samuel 14]]:14 For we must needs die, and [are] as water spilt on the ground, which cannot be gathered up again; neither doth God [[respect of person|respect [any] person]]:<Ref name="nasa">{{05375}}</Ref><Ref name="nephesh">{{05315}}</Ref>  yet doth he devise means, that his banished be not expelled from him.
<blockquotes> Related verses:


<blockquotes>
<blockquote> Related verses to 2 Samuel 12:14


by this deed: Nehemiah 5:9; Psalms 74:10; Isaiah 52:5; Ezekiel 36:20-23; Matthew 18:7; Romans 2:24


2 Samuel 14:14  For we must needs die, and [are] as water spilt on the ground, which cannot be gathered up again; neither doth God respect [any] person: yet doth he devise means, that his banished be not expelled from him.
the child: Psalms 89:31-33, Psalms 94:12; Proverbs 3:11-12; Amos 3:2; 1 Corinthians 11:32; Hebrews 12:6; Revelation 3:19


<blockquotes> Related verses:


<blockquotes>
</blockquote>


2 Chronicles 19:7  Wherefore now let the fear of the LORD be upon you; take heed and do [it]: for [there is] no iniquity with the LORD our God, nor respect of persons, nor taking of gifts.
[[2 Chronicles 19]]:7  Wherefore now let the fear of the LORD be upon you; take heed and do [it]: for [there is] no [[iniquity]] with the LORD our God, nor [[respecter of persons|respect of persons]]<Ref name="paniym">{{06440}}</Ref>, nor taking of gifts.


<blockquotes> Related verses:
<blockquote> Related verses to 2 Chronicles 19:7


<blockquotes>
let the: Genesis 42:18; Exodus 18:21-22, Exodus 18:25-26; Nehemiah 5:15; Isaiah 1:23-26


Proverbs 24:23  These [things] also [belong] to the wise. [It is] not good to have respect of persons in judgment.
no [[iniquity]]: Genesis 18:25; Deuteronomy 32:4; Romans 3:5-6, Romans 9:14


<blockquotes> Related verses:
respect of persons: Deuteronomy 10:17-18; Job_34:19; Matthew 22:16; Acts 10:34; Romans 2:11; Galatians 2:6; Ephesians 6:9; Colossians 3:25; 1 Peter 1:17


<blockquotes>
taking of gifts: Exodus 23:8; Deuteronomy 16:18-19; Isaiah 1:23, Isaiah 33:15; Mica 7:3


Proverbs 28:21  To have respect of persons [is] not good: for for a piece of bread [that] man will transgress.


<blockquotes> Related verses:
</blockquote>


<blockquotes>
[[Proverbs 24]]:23  These [things] also [belong] to the wise. [It is] not good to have [[respecter of persons|respect of persons]]<Ref name="paniym">{{06440}}</Ref> in judgment.


Lamentations 4:16  The anger of the LORD hath divided them; he will no more regard them: they respected not the persons of the priests, they favoured not the elders.
<blockquote> Related verses to Proverbs 24:23


things: Psalms 107:43; Ecclesiastes 8:1-5; Hosea 14:9; James 3:17


It: Proverbs 18:5, Proverbs 28:21; Leviticus 19:15; Deuteronomy 1:17, Deuteronomy 16:19; 2 Chronicles 19:7; Psalms 82:2-4; John 7:24; 1 Timothy 5:20-21; James 2:4-6; 1 Peter 1:17
</blockquote>
[[Proverbs 28]]:21  To have [[respecter of persons|respect of persons]]<Ref name="paniym">{{06440}}</Ref> [is] not good: for for a piece of bread [that] man will transgress.
<blockquote> Related verses to Proverbs 28:21
respect: Proverbs 18:5, Proverbs 24:23; Exodus 23:2, Exodus 23:8
for: Erasmus observes that this expression probably originated from the circumstance of holding out a piece of bread to a dog, in order to soothe him. Ezekiel 13:19; Hosea 4:18; Mica 3:5, Mica 7:3; Romans 16:18; 2 Peter 2:3
</blockquote>
[[Lamentations 4]]:16  The anger<Ref name="paniym">{{06440}}</Ref> of the LORD hath divided them; he will no more regard them: they [[respecter of persons|respected not the persons]]<Ref name="paniym">{{06440}}</Ref> of the priests, they favoured not the [[elders]].
<blockquote> Related verses to anger: or, face
hath: Genesis 49:7; Leviticus 26:33-39; Deuteronomy 28:25, Deuteronomy 28:64-65, Deuteronomy 32:26; Jeremiah 15:4, Jeremiah 24:9
he will: Psalms 106:44; Hebrews 8:9
they respected: Lamentations 5:12; 2 Kings 25:18-21; 2 Chronicles 36:17; Isaiah 9:14-16
</blockquote>


=== New Respecters ===
=== New Respecters ===


As a new Church rose up in the fourth century under the tutelary tutelage of the Church of [[Constantine]] the intellectual expression of what some thought to be [[Truth]] became the center of [[faith]] where the acceptance of catechistic creeds sanctioned by men who exercise authority ushered people into the realm of [[ideology]], if not [[idolatry]].
This [[debate]] over '''the nature of the [[Trinity]]''' was more about [[denominations|denominationalism]], the [[doctrines of men|doctrinalism]] of [[ideology|ideologues]], and power to appoint bishops and ministers<Ref>'''[[Eustathius]]''' strayed from the ''Nicene faith'' and was deposed''' and was exiled but the followers of [[Eustathius]] formed a separate community by the name of "Eustathians". They refused to acknowledge the bishops set over them by the Arian coalition which held political power and the ear of [[Constantine]].</Ref> on over the other over what should be a ''free assembly''. than the [[Doctrine of Jesus]]. The [[Respecter of persons|loyalty to groups, leaders, councils, and creeds]] would soon begin to interfere with obedience to the decrees of Christ and in their unforgiveness the [[Holy Spirit]] would be stifled until they became [[Stiffnecked]].


In the time of the New Testament forms of the word prosōpolēmpsia directs our attention to the precept of '''respecter of persons'''.
In the time of the New Testament forms of the word prosōpolēmpsia also directs our attention to the precept of '''respecter of persons''' and that is not granting offices  to men where they can do wrong with immunity. God is not partial to one man over another by a position they hold.




[[Acts 10]]:34 "God is not one to show '''partiality''',"<Ref name="prosopolemptes">{{4381}}</Ref>
[[Acts 10]]:34 "God is not one to show '''partiality''',"<Ref name="prosopolemptes">{{4381}}</Ref>


<blockquotes> Related verses Acts 10:34:
<blockquote> Related verses Acts 10:34:


opened: Act_8:35; Mat_5:2; Eph_6:19-20
opened: Act_8:35; Mat_5:2; Eph_6:19-20
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Of a: Deu_10:17, Deu_16:19; 2Ch_19:7; Job_34:19; Psa_82:1-2; Mat_22:16; Luk_20:21; Rom_2:11; Gal_2:6; Eph_6:9; Col_3:11, Col_3:25; Jas_2:4, Jas_2:9; 1Pe_1:17
Of a: Deu_10:17, Deu_16:19; 2Ch_19:7; Job_34:19; Psa_82:1-2; Mat_22:16; Luk_20:21; Rom_2:11; Gal_2:6; Eph_6:9; Col_3:11, Col_3:25; Jas_2:4, Jas_2:9; 1Pe_1:17


</blockquote>
This also witnessed to and is made clear in numerous verses:


</blockquotes>
* [[Colossians 3]]:25 But he that doeth wrong shall receive for the wrong which he hath done: and there is '''no respect of persons'''.<Ref name="prosopolempsia">{{4382}}</Ref>


<blockquote> Related verses to Colossians 3:25


[[Romans 2]]:11 "For there is no '''respect of persons'''<Ref name="prosopolempsia">{{4382}}</Ref> with God."
he that: 1Co_6:7-8; 1Th_4:6; Phm_1:18


<blockquotes> Related verses to Romans 2:11:
receive: 2Co_5:10; Heb_2:2
 
and: Col_4:1; Lev_19:15; Deu_1:17, Deu_10:17; 2Sa_14:14; 2Ch_19:7; Job_34:19, Job_37:24; Luk_20:21; Act_10:34; Rom_2:11; Eph_6:9; 1Pe_1:17; [[Jude 1]]:16
</blockquote>
 
Things that often impress men and the way they hold certain men in admiration because their appearance or an office they believe they hold do not alter the justice or mercy of God.
 
[[Jude 1]]:16  "These are murmurers, complainers, walking after their own [[lust]]s; and their mouth speaketh great swelling [words], '''having men’s [[4383|persons]] in [[2296|admiration]]''' because of [[5622|advantage]]."
 
We are told that we are told in [[Jude 1]]:21  "Keep yourselves in the [[love]] of God, looking for the [[mercy]] of our Lord Jesus [[Christ]] unto [[eternal life]]. 22  And of some have compassion, making a difference: 23  And others save with fear, pulling [them] out of the fire; hating even the [[garments|garment]] [[4695|spotted]] by the [[flesh]]."
 
* [[Romans 2]]:11 "For there is no '''respect of persons'''<Ref name="prosopolempsia">{{4382}}</Ref> with God."
 
<blockquote> Related verses to Romans 2:11:


Deu_10:17, Deu_16:19; 2Ch_19:7; Job_34:19; Pro_24:23-24; Mat_22:16; Luk_20:21; Act_10:34; Gal_2:6, Gal_6:7-8; Eph_6:9; Col_3:25; 1Pe_1:17
Deu_10:17, Deu_16:19; 2Ch_19:7; Job_34:19; Pro_24:23-24; Mat_22:16; Luk_20:21; Act_10:34; Gal_2:6, Gal_6:7-8; Eph_6:9; Col_3:25; 1Pe_1:17


</blockquotes>
</blockquote>


[[Ephesians 6]]:9 "And, ye masters, do the same things unto them, forbearing threatening: knowing that your Master also is in heaven; neither is there '''respect of persons'''<Ref name="prosopolempsia">{{4382}}</Ref> with him."
[[Ephesians 6]]:9 "And, ye masters, do the same things unto them, forbearing threatening: knowing that your Master also is in heaven; neither is there '''respect of persons'''<Ref name="prosopolempsia">{{4382}}</Ref> with him."


<blockquotes> Related verses to Ephesians 6:9
<blockquote> Related verses to Ephesians 6:9


ye: Lev_19:13, Lev_25:39-46; Deu_15:11-16, Deu_24:14-15; Neh_5:5, Neh_5:8-9; Job_24:10-12; Job_31:13-15; Isa_47:6, Isa_58:3-6; Amo_8:4-7; Mal_3:5; Col_4:1; Jas_5:4
ye: Lev_19:13, Lev_25:39-46; Deu_15:11-16, Deu_24:14-15; Neh_5:5, Neh_5:8-9; Job_24:10-12; Job_31:13-15; Isa_47:6, Isa_58:3-6; Amo_8:4-7; Mal_3:5; Col_4:1; Jas_5:4
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neither: Act_10:34; Rom_2:11; Col_3:25
neither: Act_10:34; Rom_2:11; Col_3:25


</blockquotes>
</blockquote>
 
[[Colossians 3]]:25 But he that doeth wrong shall receive for the wrong which he hath done: and there is no respect of persons.<Ref name="prosopolempsia">{{4382}}</Ref>
 
<blockquotes> Related verses:


</blockquotes>


[[James 2]]:1  "My brethren, have not the faith of our Lord Jesus Christ, [the Lord] of glory, with respect of persons."<Ref name="prosopolempsia">{{4382}}</Ref>
[[James 2]]:1  "My brethren, have not the faith of our Lord Jesus Christ, [the Lord] of glory, with respect of persons."<Ref name="prosopolempsia">{{4382}}</Ref>


<blockquotes> Related verses to James 2:1
<blockquote> Related verses to James 2:1


the faith: Act_20:21, Act_24:24; Col_1:4; 1Ti_1:19; Tit_1:1; 2Pe_1:1; Rev_14:12
the faith: Act_20:21, Act_24:24; Col_1:4; 1Ti_1:19; Tit_1:1; 2Pe_1:1; Rev_14:12
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with: Jas_2:3, Jas_2:9, Jas_3:17; Lev_19:15; Deu_1:17, Deu_16:19; 2Ch_19:7; Pro_24:23, Pro_28:21; Mat_22:16; Rom_1:11; 1Ti_5:21; Jud_1:16
with: Jas_2:3, Jas_2:9, Jas_3:17; Lev_19:15; Deu_1:17, Deu_16:19; 2Ch_19:7; Pro_24:23, Pro_28:21; Mat_22:16; Rom_1:11; 1Ti_5:21; Jud_1:16


</blockquotes>
</blockquote>


[[James 2]]:3 "And ye have respect to him that weareth the gay clothing, and say unto him, Sit thou here in a good place; and say to the poor, Stand thou there, or sit here under my footstool:"
[[James 2]]:3 "And ye have respect to him that weareth the gay clothing, and say unto him, Sit thou here in a good place; and say to the poor, Stand thou there, or sit here under my footstool:"
   
   
<blockquotes> Related verses to James 2:3
<blockquote> Related verses to James 2:3


ye: Jud_1:16
ye: Jud_1:16
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to the: Jas_2:6; Isa_65:5; Luk_7:44-46; 2Co_8:9
to the: Jas_2:6; Isa_65:5; Luk_7:44-46; 2Co_8:9


</blockquotes>
</blockquote>


[[James 2]]:9 "But if ye have respect to persons,<Ref name="prosopolepteo">{{4380}}</Ref> ye commit sin, and are convinced of the law as transgressors."
[[James 2]]:9 "But if ye have respect to persons,<Ref name="prosopolepteo">{{4380}}</Ref> ye commit sin, and are convinced of the law as transgressors."


<blockquotes> Related verses to James 2:9
<blockquote> Related verses to James 2:9


if: Jas_2:1-4; Lev_19:15
if: Jas_2:1-4; Lev_19:15
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transgressors: Rom_3:20, Rom_7:7-13; Gal_2:19; 1Jn_3:4
transgressors: Rom_3:20, Rom_7:7-13; Gal_2:19; 1Jn_3:4


 
</blockquote>
</blockquotes>


[[1 Peter 1]]:17 "And if ye call on the [[Father]], who without respect of persons<Ref name="aprosopoleptos">{{678}}</Ref> judgeth according to every man's work, pass the time of your sojourning here in fear:"
[[1 Peter 1]]:17 "And if ye call on the [[Father]], who without respect of persons<Ref name="aprosopoleptos">{{678}}</Ref> judgeth according to every man's work, pass the time of your sojourning here in fear:"


<blockquotes> Related verses to 1 Peter 1:17
<blockquote> Related verses to 1 Peter 1:17


call: Zep_3:9; Mat_6:9, Mat_7:7-11; 2Co_1:2; Eph_1:17, Eph_3:14
call: Zep_3:9; Mat_6:9, Mat_7:7-11; 2Co_1:2; Eph_1:17, Eph_3:14
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in fear: 1Pe_2:11; Pro_14:16, Pro_28:14; Rom_11:20; 2Co_5:6, 2Co_7:1, 2Co_7:11; Php_2:12; Heb_4:1; Heb_12:28
in fear: 1Pe_2:11; Pro_14:16, Pro_28:14; Rom_11:20; 2Co_5:6, 2Co_7:1, 2Co_7:11; Php_2:12; Heb_4:1; Heb_12:28


 
</blockquote>
</blockquotes>

Latest revision as of 23:47, 10 March 2024

The Golem in Jewish folklore is a monster made with no soul but can act like a person to do its master's bidding. It was created from clay, just like ancient contracts were written on clay tablets and baked to preserve the terms of an agreement. Those documents formed a corporation by consent were sworn to by oaths to hold the parties bound or captive to the agreement (Pacta servanda sunt). The word "truth", Emet (אמת) , written across the Golem's forehead activated the corpus. By erasing the first letter Aleph (א) which represent the true relationship of God and man, Emet becomes Met (מת), meaning death.

Person

The word "Person" is more important today not merely for its many definitions but more because of how much it is misunderstood within modern usage.

A person may merely refer to a "living human".

As a composite the term person may be used in reference to a "composite of characteristics" of their personality either socially or legally.

In a role a person may be a "character" as in a play or other legal and social settings.

In Sociology a person may refer to an individuals "social relationships and behavior" with a culture.

In Grammar it in combination with a numerical identifier it may designate one of three verb inflections that distinguish the speaker (first person), the addressed (second person), or "spoken of" (third person).

In Law a person may, or its legal name may, refer to a "human or organization" with legal rights and legal duties.


Person and the law

The words “person” and “individual” are not synonymous. “Person” being defined as, “a man considered according to the rank he holds in society, with all the right to which the place he holds entitles him, and the duties which it imposes.”[1] Other nations agree with this definition like Canada.[2]

The word “individual” in the book “Language,” found in the Volume Library, is treated as a word “frequently misused” and clarifies its meaning with the statement, “The word (individual) should not be used in the mere sense of person. The word is correctly used in ‘Changes both in individuals and communities.’”

An individual person is the counting of one "person" and is not the same as an individual.

“Every person is a man, but not every man a person,”[3]

“Man is a term of nature; person, of the civil law”[4]

“This word ‘person’ and its scope and bearing in the law, involving, as it does, legal fictions and also apparently natural beings, it is difficult to understand; but it is absolutely necessary to grasp, at whatever cost, a true and proper understanding of the word in all the phases of its proper use… The words persona and personae did not have the meaning in the Roman which attaches to homo, the individual, or a man in the English; it had peculiar references to artificial beings, and the condition or status of individuals… A person is here not a physical or individual person, but the status or condition with which he is invested… not an individual or physical person, but the status, condition or character borne by physical persons… The law of persons is the law of status or condition.”

“A moment’s reflection enables one to see that man and person cannot be synonymous, for there cannot be an artificial man, though there are artificial persons. Thus the conclusion is easily reached that the law itself often creates an entity or a being which is called a person; the law cannot create an artificial man, but it can and frequently does invest him with artificial attributes; this is his personality… that is to say, the man-person; and abstract persons, which are fiction and which have no existence except in law; that is to say, those which are purely legal conceptions or creations.” [5]

Persons in combination

The word “person” is sometimes used in combination with other terms because it has so many alternate meanings and because it is not only gender neutral it can be an aspect of so many different things.

You can have a chairperson or a spokesperson or a personality or a persona like an actor playing a part.

In person may simply suggest the physical presence of an individual.

Legal person

In law there are "legal person"s which can represent a status of an individual human, a "legal entity" such as a corporation, or even an office.[6]

A legal person can do the things a human person is usually able to do in law – such as enter into contracts, sue and be sued, own property, and so on. The reason for the term "legal person" is that some legal persons are not people: companies and corporations are "persons" legally speaking (they can legally do most of the things an ordinary person can do), but they are not people in a literal sense (human beings).

There are therefore two kinds of legal entities: human and non-human. In law, a human person is called a natural person, and a non-human person is called a juridic, juristic, artificial person (persona ficta). This could include corporations, firms, and many government agencies or even governments themselves. They are treated in law as if they were persons.

Legal personality

While, natural persons(universitas personarum) may acquire legal personality "naturally", simply by being born such juridical persons must have legal personality conferred on them by some "unnatural", legal process, and it is for this reason that they are sometimes called "artificial" persons.

Legal personality is usually acquired by registration.[7]

As legal personality is a prerequisite to legal capacity and has a legal name with certain rights, protections, privileges, responsibilities, and liabilities in law.

Respecter of persons

A 'respecter of persons' is one whose behavior toward people is influenced by their social status, prestige, positions of authority, etc.

Social status can very from culture by culture, and within legal systems. There are numerous places where this idea is mentioned in both Old and New testaments often with the same caveats and warnings.


Old respecters

Leviticus 19:15 "Ye shall do no unrighteousness in judgment: thou shalt not respect the person of the poor, nor honour the person of the mighty: but in righteousness shalt thou judge thy neighbour."


Related verses Leviticus 19:35; Exodus 18:21, Exodus 23:2, Exodus 23:2-3, Exodus 23:7-8; Deuteronomy 1:17, Deuteronomy 16:19, Deuteronomy 25:13-16, Deuteronomy 27:19; 2 Ch_19:6-7; Psalms 82:2; Proverbs 18:5, Proverbs 24:23; James 2:6-9



Deuteronomy 1:17 Ye shall not respect persons[8] in judgment; [but] ye shall hear the small as well as the great; ye shall not be afraid of the face of man; for the judgment [is] God’s: and the cause that is too hard for you, bring [it] unto me, and I will hear it.

Related verses to Deuteronomy 1:7

the mount: Genesis 15:16-21; Exodus 23:31; Numbers 34:3-12; Joshua 24:15; Amos 2:9

all the places: Hebrew all his neighbours

in the plain: Deuteronomy 11:11; Joshua 10:40, Joshua 11:16-17

the great: Deuteronomy 11:24; Joshua 1:4; 2 Samuel 8:3; 1Ch_5:9, 1Ch_18:3



Deuteronomy 16:19 Thou shalt not wrest judgment; thou shalt not respect persons[8], neither take a gift: for a gift doth blind the eyes of the wise, and pervert the words of the righteous.

Related verses to Deuteronomy 16:19

wrest: Deuteronomy 24:17, Deuteronomy 27:19; Exo_23:2, Exo_23:6-8; Lev_19:15; 1 Samuel 8:3, 1 Samuel 12:3; Job_31:21-22;

Proverbs 17:23; Ecc_7:7; Isa_1:17, Isa_1:23, Isa_33:15; Jer_5:28; Eze_22:12; Mic_7:3; Hab_1:4; Zep_3:3-5;

Act_16:37, Act_23:3

respect: Deuteronomy 1:16-17, Deuteronomy 10:17; Exo_23:7-8; Proverbs 24:23, Proverbs 24:28; Act_10:34

words: or, matters



2 Samuel 14:14 For we must needs die, and [are] as water spilt on the ground, which cannot be gathered up again; neither doth God respect [any] person:[9][10] yet doth he devise means, that his banished be not expelled from him.

Related verses to 2 Samuel 12:14

by this deed: Nehemiah 5:9; Psalms 74:10; Isaiah 52:5; Ezekiel 36:20-23; Matthew 18:7; Romans 2:24

the child: Psalms 89:31-33, Psalms 94:12; Proverbs 3:11-12; Amos 3:2; 1 Corinthians 11:32; Hebrews 12:6; Revelation 3:19


2 Chronicles 19:7 Wherefore now let the fear of the LORD be upon you; take heed and do [it]: for [there is] no iniquity with the LORD our God, nor respect of persons[8], nor taking of gifts.

Related verses to 2 Chronicles 19:7

let the: Genesis 42:18; Exodus 18:21-22, Exodus 18:25-26; Nehemiah 5:15; Isaiah 1:23-26

no iniquity: Genesis 18:25; Deuteronomy 32:4; Romans 3:5-6, Romans 9:14

respect of persons: Deuteronomy 10:17-18; Job_34:19; Matthew 22:16; Acts 10:34; Romans 2:11; Galatians 2:6; Ephesians 6:9; Colossians 3:25; 1 Peter 1:17

taking of gifts: Exodus 23:8; Deuteronomy 16:18-19; Isaiah 1:23, Isaiah 33:15; Mica 7:3


Proverbs 24:23 These [things] also [belong] to the wise. [It is] not good to have respect of persons[8] in judgment.

Related verses to Proverbs 24:23

things: Psalms 107:43; Ecclesiastes 8:1-5; Hosea 14:9; James 3:17

It: Proverbs 18:5, Proverbs 28:21; Leviticus 19:15; Deuteronomy 1:17, Deuteronomy 16:19; 2 Chronicles 19:7; Psalms 82:2-4; John 7:24; 1 Timothy 5:20-21; James 2:4-6; 1 Peter 1:17


Proverbs 28:21 To have respect of persons[8] [is] not good: for for a piece of bread [that] man will transgress.

Related verses to Proverbs 28:21

respect: Proverbs 18:5, Proverbs 24:23; Exodus 23:2, Exodus 23:8

for: Erasmus observes that this expression probably originated from the circumstance of holding out a piece of bread to a dog, in order to soothe him. Ezekiel 13:19; Hosea 4:18; Mica 3:5, Mica 7:3; Romans 16:18; 2 Peter 2:3


Lamentations 4:16 The anger[8] of the LORD hath divided them; he will no more regard them: they respected not the persons[8] of the priests, they favoured not the elders.

Related verses to anger: or, face

hath: Genesis 49:7; Leviticus 26:33-39; Deuteronomy 28:25, Deuteronomy 28:64-65, Deuteronomy 32:26; Jeremiah 15:4, Jeremiah 24:9

he will: Psalms 106:44; Hebrews 8:9

they respected: Lamentations 5:12; 2 Kings 25:18-21; 2 Chronicles 36:17; Isaiah 9:14-16

New Respecters

As a new Church rose up in the fourth century under the tutelary tutelage of the Church of Constantine the intellectual expression of what some thought to be Truth became the center of faith where the acceptance of catechistic creeds sanctioned by men who exercise authority ushered people into the realm of ideology, if not idolatry.

This debate over the nature of the Trinity was more about denominationalism, the doctrinalism of ideologues, and power to appoint bishops and ministers[11] on over the other over what should be a free assembly. than the Doctrine of Jesus. The loyalty to groups, leaders, councils, and creeds would soon begin to interfere with obedience to the decrees of Christ and in their unforgiveness the Holy Spirit would be stifled until they became Stiffnecked.

In the time of the New Testament forms of the word prosōpolēmpsia also directs our attention to the precept of respecter of persons and that is not granting offices to men where they can do wrong with immunity. God is not partial to one man over another by a position they hold.


Acts 10:34 "God is not one to show partiality,"[12]

Related verses Acts 10:34:

opened: Act_8:35; Mat_5:2; Eph_6:19-20

Of a: Deu_10:17, Deu_16:19; 2Ch_19:7; Job_34:19; Psa_82:1-2; Mat_22:16; Luk_20:21; Rom_2:11; Gal_2:6; Eph_6:9; Col_3:11, Col_3:25; Jas_2:4, Jas_2:9; 1Pe_1:17

This also witnessed to and is made clear in numerous verses:

  • Colossians 3:25 But he that doeth wrong shall receive for the wrong which he hath done: and there is no respect of persons.[13]

Related verses to Colossians 3:25

he that: 1Co_6:7-8; 1Th_4:6; Phm_1:18

receive: 2Co_5:10; Heb_2:2

and: Col_4:1; Lev_19:15; Deu_1:17, Deu_10:17; 2Sa_14:14; 2Ch_19:7; Job_34:19, Job_37:24; Luk_20:21; Act_10:34; Rom_2:11; Eph_6:9; 1Pe_1:17; Jude 1:16

Things that often impress men and the way they hold certain men in admiration because their appearance or an office they believe they hold do not alter the justice or mercy of God.

Jude 1:16 "These are murmurers, complainers, walking after their own lusts; and their mouth speaketh great swelling [words], having men’s persons in admiration because of advantage."

We are told that we are told in Jude 1:21 "Keep yourselves in the love of God, looking for the mercy of our Lord Jesus Christ unto eternal life. 22 And of some have compassion, making a difference: 23 And others save with fear, pulling [them] out of the fire; hating even the garment spotted by the flesh."

  • Romans 2:11 "For there is no respect of persons[13] with God."

Related verses to Romans 2:11:

Deu_10:17, Deu_16:19; 2Ch_19:7; Job_34:19; Pro_24:23-24; Mat_22:16; Luk_20:21; Act_10:34; Gal_2:6, Gal_6:7-8; Eph_6:9; Col_3:25; 1Pe_1:17

Ephesians 6:9 "And, ye masters, do the same things unto them, forbearing threatening: knowing that your Master also is in heaven; neither is there respect of persons[13] with him."

Related verses to Ephesians 6:9

ye: Lev_19:13, Lev_25:39-46; Deu_15:11-16, Deu_24:14-15; Neh_5:5, Neh_5:8-9; Job_24:10-12; Job_31:13-15; Isa_47:6, Isa_58:3-6; Amo_8:4-7; Mal_3:5; Col_4:1; Jas_5:4

the same: Eph_6:5-7; Mat_7:12; Luk_6:31; Jas_2:8, Jas_2:13

forbearing: or, moderating, Lev_25:43; 1Sa_15:17; Dan_3:6, Dan_3:15, Dan_5:19-20 knowing: Psa_140:12; Ecc_5:8; Mat_22:8, Mat_22:10, Mat_24:48, Mat_24:51; Luk_12:45-46; Joh_13:13; 1Co_7:22

your Master: Some read, both your and their Master. 1Co_1:2; Php_2:10-11 neither: Act_10:34; Rom_2:11; Col_3:25


James 2:1 "My brethren, have not the faith of our Lord Jesus Christ, [the Lord] of glory, with respect of persons."[13]

Related verses to James 2:1

the faith: Act_20:21, Act_24:24; Col_1:4; 1Ti_1:19; Tit_1:1; 2Pe_1:1; Rev_14:12

the Lord: Psa_24:7-10; 1Co_2:8; Tit_2:13; Heb_1:3

with: Jas_2:3, Jas_2:9, Jas_3:17; Lev_19:15; Deu_1:17, Deu_16:19; 2Ch_19:7; Pro_24:23, Pro_28:21; Mat_22:16; Rom_1:11; 1Ti_5:21; Jud_1:16

James 2:3 "And ye have respect to him that weareth the gay clothing, and say unto him, Sit thou here in a good place; and say to the poor, Stand thou there, or sit here under my footstool:"

Related verses to James 2:3

ye: Jud_1:16

in a good place: or well, or, seemly

to the: Jas_2:6; Isa_65:5; Luk_7:44-46; 2Co_8:9

James 2:9 "But if ye have respect to persons,[14] ye commit sin, and are convinced of the law as transgressors."

Related verses to James 2:9

if: Jas_2:1-4; Lev_19:15

are: Joh_8:9, Joh_8:46, Joh_16:8 *marg. 1Co_14:24; Jud_1:15

transgressors: Rom_3:20, Rom_7:7-13; Gal_2:19; 1Jn_3:4

1 Peter 1:17 "And if ye call on the Father, who without respect of persons[15] judgeth according to every man's work, pass the time of your sojourning here in fear:"

Related verses to 1 Peter 1:17

call: Zep_3:9; Mat_6:9, Mat_7:7-11; 2Co_1:2; Eph_1:17, Eph_3:14

who: Deu_10:17; 2Ch_19:7; Job_34:19; Mat_22:16; Act_10:34-35; Rom_2:10-11; Gal_2:6; Eph_6:9; Col_3:25

pass: Gen_47:9; 1Ch_29:15; Psa_39:12; Heb_11:13-16

in fear: 1Pe_2:11; Pro_14:16, Pro_28:14; Rom_11:20; 2Co_5:6, 2Co_7:1, 2Co_7:11; Php_2:12; Heb_4:1; Heb_12:28

  1. ↑ Black’s 3rd. Ed. p. 1355.
  2. ↑ Barron's Canadian Law Dictionary, 3rd edition.
    Natural person: A natural person is a human being that has the capacity for rights and duties.
    Artificial person: A legal entity, not a human being, recognized as a person in law to whom certain legal rights and duties my be attached - e.g. a body corporate."
  3. ↑ Omnis persona est homo, sed non vicissim.
  4. ↑ Homo vocabulum est; persona juris civilitis. Calvinus, Lex.
  5. ↑ American Law and Procedure, Vol 13 pages 137-62, 1910.(see also Person of Christ)
  6. ↑ An “incumbent” is defined as, “A person who is in present possession of an office; one who is legally authorized to discharge the duties of an office.” State v McCollister, 11 Ohio, 50; State v. Blackmore, 104 Mo. 340, 15 S.W. 960. Black’s 3rd Ed. p.947.
  7. ↑ The United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 16 advocates for the provision of legal identity for all, with “the implementation of worldwide birth registration” by 2030 as part of the 2030 Agenda.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 06440 ^םינפ^ paniym \@paw-neem’\@ pl. PeiNunYodMem (but always as sing.) of an unused noun ^הנפ^ paneh \@paw-neh’\@ from 06437 PeiNunHey turn toward; n m; AV-before 1137, face 390, presence 76, because 67, sight 40, countenance 30, from 27, person 21, upon 20, of 20,  … me 18, against 17,  … him 16, open 13, for 13, toward 9, misc 195; 2109
    1) face
    1a) face, faces
    1b) presence, person
    1c) face (of seraphim or cherubim)
    1d) face (of animals)
    1e) face, surface (of ground)
    1f) as adv of loc/temp
    1f1) before and behind, toward, in front of, forward, formerly,
    from beforetime, before
    1g) with prep 1g1) in front of, before, to the front of, in the presence of, in the face of, at the face or front of, from the presence of, from before, from before the face of
  9. ↑ 05375 ^אשׂנ^ nasa’ NunShinAlef \@naw-saw’\@ or ^הסנ^ nacah (#Ps 4:6) \@naw-saw’\@ a primitive root; v; {See TWOT on 1421} AV-(bare, lift, etc … ) up 219, bear 115, take 58, bare 34, carry 30, (take, carry)  … away 22, borne 22, armourbearer 18, forgive 16, accept 12, exalt 8, regard 5, obtained 4, respect 3, misc 74; 654
    1) to lift, bear up, carry, take
    1a) (Qal)
    1a1) to lift, lift up
    1a2) to bear, carry, support, sustain, endure
    1a3) to take, take away, carry off, forgive
    1b) (Niphal)
    1b1) to be lifted up, be exalted
    1b2) to lift oneself up, rise up
    1b3) to be borne, be carried
    1b4) to be taken away, be carried off, be swept away
    1c) (Piel)
    1c1) to lift up, exalt, support, aid, assist
    1c2) to desire, long (fig.)
    1c3) to carry, bear continuously
    1c4) to take, take away
    1d) (Hithpael) to lift oneself up, exalt oneself
    1e) (Hiphil)
    1e1) to cause one to bear (iniquity)
    1e2) to cause to bring, have brought
    • נ ן Nun Heir to the Throne, Aramaic fish in the Mem (fish moving in flowing waters) or in the Hebrew the Nun may mean the kingdom with a double Nun suggesting spiritual insight in two realms. [fish moving... Activity life] (Numeric value: 50)
    • ש Shin Eternal Flame of Spiritual Revelation, bound to the coal of righteousness, the Divine Essence. [sun... teeth... consume destroy] (Numeric value: 300)
    • א Alef Father-Son- begin- The Paradox: God and Man - (ox bull) [strength, leader, first] (Numeric value: 1)
    See study of wrath
  10. ↑ 05315 ^שׁפנ^ nephesh NunPeiShin \@neh’- fesh\@ from 05314; n f; AV-soul 475, life 117, person 29, mind 15, heart 15, creature 9, body 8, himself 8, yourselves 6, dead 5, will 4, desire 4, man 3, themselves 3, any 3, appetite 2, misc 47; 753
    1) soul, self, life, creature, person, appetite, mind, living being, desire, emotion, passion
    1a) that which breathes, the breathing substance or being, soul, the inner being of man
    1b) living being
    1c) living being (with life in the blood)
    1d) the man himself, self, person or individual
    1e) seat of the appetites
    1f) seat of emotions and passions
    1g) activity of mind
    1g1) dubious
    1h) activity of the will
    1h1) dubious
    1i) activity of the character
    1i1) dubious
    • נ ן Nun Heir to the Throne, Aramaic fish in the Mem (fish moving in flowing waters) or in the Hebrew the Nun may mean the kingdom with a double Nun suggesting spiritual insight in two realms. [fish moving... Activity life] (Numeric value: 50)
    • פ ף Pei Communication: The Oral Torah The mouth, blow, edge. [Mouth speak open word] (Numeric value: 80)
    • ש Shin Eternal Flame of Spiritual Revelation, bound to the coal of righteousness, the Divine Essence. [sun... teeth... consume destroy] (Numeric value: 300)
  11. ↑ Eustathius strayed from the Nicene faith and was deposed and was exiled but the followers of Eustathius formed a separate community by the name of "Eustathians". They refused to acknowledge the bishops set over them by the Arian coalition which held political power and the ear of Constantine.
  12. ↑ 4381 προσωπολήπτης prosopoleptes [pros-o-pol-ape’-tace] from 4383 prosopon "The face" and 2983 lambano "to take"; n m; TDNT-6:779,950; [{See TDNT 672 }] AV-respecter of persons 1; 1
    1) an acceptor of persons
    2) one who discriminates
    • See also 4380 prosopolepteo "to respect the person", 4382 prosopolepsia n f "respect of persons", 678 aprosopoleptos without respect of persons.
    Hebrew 06440 PeiNunYodMem paniym from 06437 panah PeiNunHey to turn or look back.
    Combinations: <01921>+<06440>, <04856>+<06440>, <05234>+<06440>, <05375>+<06440>
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 4382 προσωποληψία prosopolepsia [pros-o-pol-ape-see’-ah] from 4381; n f; TDNT-6:779,950; [{See TDNT 672 }] AV-respect of persons 4; 4
    1) respect of persons
    2) partiality
    2a) the fault of one who when called on to give judgment has respect of the outward circumstances of man and not to their intrinsic merits, and so prefers, as the more worthy, one who is rich, high born, or powerful, to another who does not have these qualities
    • See 4380 prosopolepteo "to respect the person", 4381 prosopoleptes "respecter of persons", 4383 prosopon "the face", 678 aprosopoleptos without respect of persons.
    Hebrew 06440 PeiNunYodMem paniym Face or in front, from 06437 panah PeiNunHey to turn or look back.
    Combinations: <01921>+<06440>, <04856>+<06440>, <05234>+<06440>, <05375>+<06440>.
  14. ↑ 4380 προσωποληπτέω prosopolepteo [pros-o-pol-ape-teh’-o] from 4381; v; TDNT-6:779,950; [{See TDNT 672 }] AV-have respect to persons 1; 1
    1) to respect the person (i.e. the external condition of man)
    2) to have respect of persons, discriminate
    • See Inclusive of 4380 prosopolepteo "to respect the person", 4381 prosopoleptes "respecter of persons", 4382 prosopolepsia n f "respect of persons", 4383 prosopon "the face", 678 aprosopoleptos without respect of persons.
    Hebrew: 06440 PeiNunYodMem paniym Face or in front, from 06437 panah PeiNunHey to turn or look back.
    Combinations: <01921>+<06440>, <04856>+<06440>, <05234>+<06440>, <05375>+<06440>.
  15. ↑ 678 ἀπροσωπολήπτως aprosopoleptos [ap-ros-o-pol-ape’-tos] from a compound of 1 (as a negative particle) and a presumed derivative of a presumed compound of 4383 and 2983, [cf 4381]; adv; TDNT- 6:779,950; [{See TDNT 672 }] AV-without respect of persons 1; 1
    1) without respect of persons, impartial
    • See 4380 prosopolepteo "to respect the person", 4381 prosopoleptes "respecter of persons", 4382 prosopolepsia n f "respect of persons", 4383 prosopon "the face",
    Hebrew 06440 PeiNunYodMem paniym Face or in front, from 06437 panah PeiNunHey to turn or look back.
    Combinations: <01921>+<06440>, <04856>+<06440>, <05234>+<06440>, <05375>+<06440>.
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