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: 4 To whom coming, as unto a living [[stones|stone]], disallowed indeed of men, but chosen of God, and precious,
: 4 To whom coming, as unto a living [[stones|stone]], disallowed indeed of men, but chosen of God, and precious,
: 5  Ye also, as lively [[stones|stones]], are built up a spiritual house, an holy [[priests|priesthood]],<Ref>{{2406}} </Ref> to offer up spiritual [[sacrifices]], acceptable to God by Jesus Christ.
: 5  Ye also, as lively [[stones|stones]], are built up a spiritual house, an holy [[priests|priesthood]],<Ref>{{2406}} </Ref><Ref name="priestnation">{{priestnation}}</Ref> to offer up spiritual [[sacrifices]], acceptable to God by Jesus Christ.


: 6  Wherefore also it is contained in the scripture, Behold, I lay in Sion a chief corner stone, elect, precious: and he that believeth on him shall not be confounded.
: 6  Wherefore also it is contained in the scripture, Behold, I lay in Sion a chief corner stone, elect, precious: and he that believeth on him shall not be confounded.
: 7  Unto you therefore which believe he is precious:<Ref name="time">{{5092}}</Ref> but unto them which be <u>disobedient</u>, the stone which the builders disallowed, the same is made the head of the corner,
: 7  Unto you therefore which believe he is precious:<Ref name="time">{{5092}}</Ref> but unto them which be <u>disobedient</u>, the stone which the builders disallowed, the same is made the head of the corner,


=== Rock of offence ===
=== Rock of offence ===


: 8  And a stone of stumbling, and a rock of offence, even to them which stumble at the word<Ref name="logos">{{3056}}</Ref>, being <u>disobedient</u>: whereunto also they were appointed.
: 8  And a stone of stumbling<Ref name="2tables">{{2tables}}</Ref>, and a rock of offence, even to them which stumble at the word<Ref name="logos">{{3056}}</Ref>, being <u>disobedient</u>: whereunto also they were appointed.


=== Ye are chosen ===
=== Ye are chosen ===


: 9  But ye are a chosen generation<Ref>The word ''generation'' or ''race'' seen in some translations of  ''[[1 Peter 2]]'':9 is ''genos'' which is normally translated kind 5, kindred 3, offspring 3, nation 2, stock 2, born 2, diversity 1, misc. 3; 21 and is defined 1) kindred;  1a) offspring    1b) family; 1c) stock, tribe, nation; 1c1) i.e. nationality or descent from a particular people    1d) the aggregate of many individuals of the same nature, kind, sort</Ref>, a royal priesthood,<Ref name="priestnation">{{priestnation}}</Ref> an holy nation, <Ref>'' from'' [[Exodus 19]]:6 "And ye shall be unto me a kingdom of priests, and an holy nation. These [are] the words which thou shalt speak unto the children of Israel." The Hebrew has “a kingdom of priests,” as in [[Revelation 1]]:6</Ref> a [[peculiar people]]; that ye should shew forth the praises of him who hath called you out of darkness into his marvellous light:
: 9  But ye are a chosen generation<Ref>The word ''generation'' or ''race'' seen in some translations of  ''[[1 Peter 2]]'':9 is ''genos'' which is normally translated kind 5, kindred 3, offspring 3, nation 2, stock 2, born 2, diversity 1, misc. 3; 21 and is defined 1) kindred;  1a) offspring    1b) family; 1c) stock, tribe, nation; 1c1) i.e. nationality or descent from a particular people    1d) the aggregate of many individuals of the same nature, kind, sort</Ref>, a royal priesthood,<Ref name="priestnation">{{priestnation}}</Ref> an holy nation<Ref name="ktaken">{{ktaken}}</Ref>, <Ref>'' from'' [[Exodus 19]]:6 "And ye shall be unto me a kingdom of priests, and an holy nation. These [are] the words which thou shalt speak unto the children of Israel." The Hebrew has “a kingdom of priests,” as in [[Revelation 1]]:6</Ref> a [[peculiar people]]; that ye should shew forth the praises of him who hath called you out of darkness into his marvellous light:
: 10  Which in time past were not a people, but are now the people of God: which had not obtained mercy, but now have obtained [[Mercy|mercy]].
: 10  Which in time past were not a people, but are now the people of God: which had not obtained mercy, but now have obtained [[Mercy|mercy]].


Latest revision as of 07:32, 25 September 2024

Comments 1 Peter 2
So why are we disallowed[1] or rejected of men in verse 4? What was the Christian conflict? It was with the Fathers of the earth and the men who called themselves Benefactors but exercise authority one over the other.
How are we living stones and how are we built together as a spiritual house except as living Altars of unhewn stone?
Why a holy priesthood? Peter is saying that we are a holy office of a priest and an order or body?
For what purpose? What is the duty of priests in ancient societies? What does a spiritual sacrifice acceptable to God look like?
It would not look like the sacrifice of the pharisees. What does it mean to believeth on him in verse 6?
This seems to be talking about those who rejected Christ and said they had no king but Caesar. It could also include those who say they believe but do not do, also known as the disobedient souls.
Peter is addressing someone who is being obedient in things that others were disobedient in. He is calling them chosen generation, The kingdom of God is from generation to generation.[2] They are also a royal priesthood, an holy nation, a peculiar people the terms royal is kingly and the word nation is the word for gentiles. Even the word peculiar means a purchased, preserved or possessed people.[3]
Jesus is a "Rock of offence" to the disobedient. It is clear here that if you are disobedient and not doing what Christ said, then you are not counted as a believer. The Pharisees were making the word of God to none effect. Even the word precious is the Greek word often translated honor meaning valuable. What makes the chosen valuable?
What good works is Peter talking about and how would those good works speak of you as not an evildoer?
In Acts 6:2 why did the people pick Seven Men to "serve tables" and Peter appoints them to do some business?
Using what liberty on verse 16 for a cloke of maliciousness? The word liberty is from didomi[4] which means grant. What was granted or given?
Verse 13 actually says "(therefore) Submit yourselves to every ordinance of man". Why? Why do we read Acts 5:29 where Peter is saying "We ought to obey God rather than men." Why did not Christians submit to Vigellius Saturninus, proconsul of Africa?
Matthew 21:43 Therefore say I unto you, The kingdom of God shall be taken from you, and given to a nation bringing forth the fruits thereof.
What was the problem with Cain, Nimrod, Pharaoh, Saul, or Caesar and what was the Christian conflict with Rome?
Once we understand that Jesus' conflict with the Corban of the Pharisees was because ti was a welfare system based on forced sacrifices of the people. Once the people signed up their contributions, based on hand written ordinances against their members, the people were forced to pay tribute.
To understand the gospel we need to know that what should have been for our welfare can become a snare[5] and to eat at the table of kings or rulers[6] will make you merchandise because it is the covetous table of the unrighteous.
Proverbs 12:24 "The hand of the diligent shall bear rule: but the slothful shall be under tribute."
This goes hand in hand with not coveting our neighbors' good for personal benefit which not only make us merchandise but would even curse our children with debt and bondage. Romans 13 and 1 Peter 2,13-14
Is the Bible consistent with setting men free or does it contradict itself?

http://www.hisholychurch.org/sermon/romanspeter.php

While Peter does encourage us to cooperate in “humility” he, and the other apostles, also instruct “We ought to obey God rather than men”.
Peter was known for doing things "contrary to the decrees of Caesar" in Acts 17:7
Have Modern Christians gone out of The Way of Christ? They have little or no Daily ministration and seem to prefer to eat at the table of kings and men who call themselves Benefactors but exercise authority one over the other with great appetite. Instead of living by faith, hope and charity and the perfect law of liberty they choose to do contrary to the teachings of John the Baptist and Jesus and live by forcing their neighbor to contribute to their welfare with Covetous Practices. They desire the One purse of modern Socialism through the welfare of Statism and the sloth of False religion rather than the Pure Religion of the early Church. See 1 Peter 2:13

1 Peter 2

Download Recording Peter 2


1 Peter 2:1 Wherefore laying aside all malice, and all guile, and hypocrisies, and envies, and all evil speakings,
2 As newborn babes, desire the sincere milk of the word[7], that ye may grow thereby:
3 If so be ye have tasted that the Lord is gracious.

Living Stones

4 To whom coming, as unto a living stone, disallowed indeed of men, but chosen of God, and precious,
5 Ye also, as lively stones, are built up a spiritual house, an holy priesthood,[8][9] to offer up spiritual sacrifices, acceptable to God by Jesus Christ.
6 Wherefore also it is contained in the scripture, Behold, I lay in Sion a chief corner stone, elect, precious: and he that believeth on him shall not be confounded.
7 Unto you therefore which believe he is precious:[10] but unto them which be disobedient, the stone which the builders disallowed, the same is made the head of the corner,

Rock of offence

8 And a stone of stumbling[11], and a rock of offence, even to them which stumble at the word[12], being disobedient: whereunto also they were appointed.

Ye are chosen

9 But ye are a chosen generation[13], a royal priesthood,[9] an holy nation[14], [15] a peculiar people; that ye should shew forth the praises of him who hath called you out of darkness into his marvellous light:
10 Which in time past were not a people, but are now the people of God: which had not obtained mercy, but now have obtained mercy.

Call to good works

11 Dearly beloved, I beseech you as strangers and pilgrims, abstain from fleshly lusts, which war against the soul;
12 Having your conversation[16] honest among the Gentiles: that, whereas they speak against you as evildoers, they may by your good works, which they shall behold, glorify God in the day of visitation.[17]

Therefore submit

13 Submit yourselves to every ordinance[18] of man for the Lord’s sake: whether it be to the king, as supreme;[19]
14 Or unto governors[20], as unto them that are sent by him for the punishment of evildoers, and for the praise of them that do well.
15 For so is the will of God, that with well doing ye may put to silence the ignorance of foolish men:
16 As free, and not using your liberty for a cloke of maliciousness, but as the servants of God.
17 Honour all men. Love the brotherhood. Fear God. Honour the king.
18 Servants, be subject to your masters with all fear; not only to the good and gentle, but also to the froward.

Steps of Christ

19 For this is thankworthy, if a man for conscience toward God endure grief, suffering wrongfully.
20 For what glory is it, if, when ye be buffeted for your faults, ye shall take it patiently? but if, when ye do well, and suffer for it, ye take it patiently, this is acceptable with God.
21 For even hereunto were ye called: because Christ also suffered for us, leaving us an example, that ye should follow his steps:
22 Who did no sin, neither was guile found in his mouth:
23 Who, when he was reviled, reviled not again; when he suffered, he threatened not; but committed himself to him that judgeth righteously:
24 Who his own self bare our sins in his own body on the tree, that we, being dead to sins, should live unto righteousness: by whose stripes ye were healed.
25 For ye were as sheep going astray; but are now returned unto the Shepherd and Bishop of your souls.


  1. ↑ 593 ~ἀποδοκιμάζω~ apodokimazo \@ap-od-ok-ee-mad’-zo\@ from 575 and 1381; TDNT-2:255,181; {See TDNT 198} v AV-reject 7, disallow 2; 9
    1) to disapprove, reject, repudiate
  2. ↑ Isaiah 51:8 For the moth shall eat them up like a garment, and the worm shall eat them like wool: but my righteousness shall be for ever, and my salvation from generation to generation.
    Lamentations 5:19 Thou, O LORD, remainest for ever; thy throne from generation to generation.
    Daniel 4:3 How great are his signs! and how mighty are his wonders! his kingdom is an everlasting kingdom, and his dominion is from generation to generation.
    Daniel 4:34 And at the end of the days I Nebuchadnezzar lifted up mine eyes unto heaven, and mine understanding returned unto me, and I blessed the most High, and I praised and honoured him that liveth for ever, whose dominion is an everlasting dominion, and his kingdom is from generation to generation:
  3. ↑ 4047 ~περιποίησις~ peripoiesis \@per-ee-poy’-ay-sis\@ from 4046 (preserve for one’s self); ; n f AV-purchased possession 1, to obtain + 1519 1, obtaining 1, saving 1, peculiar + 1519 1; 5
    1) a preserving, a preservation
    2) possession, one’s own property
    3) an obtaining
  4. ↑ 1325 ~δίδωμι~ didomi \@did’-o-mee\@ a prolonged form of a primary verb (which is used as an alternate in most of the tenses); TDNT-2:166,166; {See TDNT 191} v AV-give 365, grant 10, put 5, show 4, deliver 2, make 2, misc 25; 413
    1) to give
    2) to give something to someone
    2a) of one’s own accord to give one something, to his advantage
    2a1) to bestow a gift
    2b) to grant, give to one asking, let have
    2c) to supply, furnish, necessary things
    2d) to give over, deliver
    2d1) to reach out, extend, present
    2d2) of a writing
    2d3) to give over to one’s care, intrust, commit
    2d3a) something to be administered
    2d3b) to give or commit to some one something to be religiously observed
    2e) to give what is due or obligatory, to pay: wages or reward
    2f) to furnish, endue
    3) to give
    3a) to cause, profuse, give forth from one’s self
    3a1) to give, hand out lots
    3b) to appoint to an office
    3c) to cause to come forth, i.e. as the sea, death and Hell are said to give up the dead who have been engulfed or received by them
    3d) to give one to someone as his own
    3d1) as an object of his saving care
    3d2) to give one to someone, to follow him as a leader and master
    3d3) to give one to someone to care for his interests
    3d4) to give one to someone to whom he already belonged, to return
    4) to grant or permit one
    4a) to commission
    For Synonyms see entry 5836 See also 3860 "to give into the hands (of another)", 3862 ordinances "the surrender of cities"
  5. ↑ Psalms 69:22 Let their table become a snare before them: and that which should have been for their welfare, let it become a trap.
    Romans 11:9 And David saith, Let their table be made a snare, and a trap, and a stumblingblock, and a recompence unto them:
  6. ↑ Proverbs 23:1 When thou sittest to eat with a ruler, consider diligently what [is] before thee: And put a knife to thy throat, if thou be a man given to appetite. Be not desirous of his dainties: for they are deceitful meat. Labour not to be rich: cease from thine own wisdom.
  7. ↑ 3050 λογικός logikos [log-ik-os’] from 3056 logos; adj; TDNT-4:142,505; [{See TDNT 431 }] AV-reasonable 1, of the word 1; 2
    1) pertaining to speech or speaking
    2) pertaining to the reason or logic
    2a) spiritual, pertaining to the soul
    2b) agreeable to reason, following reason, reasonable, logical
  8. ↑ 2406 ~ἱεράτευμα~ hierateuma \@hee-er-at’-yoo-mah\@ from 2407; TDNT-3:249,349; {See TDNT 325} n n AV-priesthood 2; 2
    1) the office of a priest
    2) the order or body of priests
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Priest to nations
    Exodus 19:6 And ye shall be unto me a kingdom of priests, and an holy nation. These [are] the words which thou shalt speak unto the children of Israel.
    1 Peter 2:5 Ye also, as lively stones, are built up a spiritual house, an holy priesthood, to offer up spiritual sacrifices, acceptable to God by Jesus Christ.... 1 Peter 2:9 But ye [are] a chosen generation(genos 1085), a royal priesthood, an holy nation, a peculiar people; that ye should shew forth the praises of him who hath called you out of darkness into his marvellous light:
    Hebrews 7:24 But this [man], because he continueth ever, hath an unchangeable priesthood.
    Titus 2:14 Who gave himself for us, that he might redeem us from all iniquity, and purify unto himself a peculiar people, zealous of good works.
  10. ↑ 5092 ~τιμή~ time \@tee-may’\@ from 5099; TDNT-8:169,1181; {See TDNT 792} n f AV-honour 33, price 8, sum 1, precious 1; 43
    1) a valuing by which the price is fixed
    1a) of the price itself
    1b) of the price paid or received for a person or thing bought or sold
    2) honour which belongs or is shown to one
    2a) of the honour which one has by reason of rank and state of office which he holds
    2b) deference, reverence
  11. ↑ Two tables
    Psalms 69:22 Let their table become a snare before them: and [that which should have been] for [their] welfare, [let it become] a trap. 23 Let their eyes be darkened, that they see not; and make their loins continually to shake. 24 Pour out thine indignation upon them, and let thy wrathful anger take hold of them. 25 Let their habitation be desolate; [and] let none dwell in their tents."
    Romans 11:8 "(According as it is written, God hath given them the spirit of slumber, eyes that they should not see, and ears that they should not hear;) unto this day. 9 And David saith, Let their table be made a snare, and a trap, and a stumblingblock, and a recompence unto them: 10 Let their eyes be darkened, that they may not see, and bow down their back alway."
    1 Corinthians 10:20 "But [I say], that the things which the Gentiles sacrifice, they sacrifice to devils, and not to God: and I would not that ye should have fellowship with devils. 21 Ye cannot drink the cup of the Lord, and the cup of devils: ye cannot be partakers of the Lord’s table, and of the table of devils." (See the sacrifice of fools in Ecclesiastes 5:1)
    Acts 6:2 Then the twelve called the multitude of the disciples [unto them], and said, It is not reason that we should leave the word of God, and serve tables. (see "portion to seven" Ecclesiastes 11:2 and Acts 6.)
    Luke 22:30 That ye may eat and drink at my table in my kingdom, and sit on thrones judging the twelve tribes of Israel.
    Isaiah 28:8 For all tables are full of vomit [and] filthiness, [so that there is] no place [clean]. 9 ¶ Whom shall he teach knowledge? and whom shall he make to understand doctrine? [them that are] weaned from the milk, [and] drawn from the breasts. 10 For precept [must be] upon precept, precept upon precept; line upon line, line upon line; here a little, [and] there a little:
    Malachi 1:7 Ye offer polluted bread upon mine altar; and ye say, Wherein have we polluted thee? In that ye say, The table of the LORD [is] contemptible.
    Malachi 1:12 But ye have profaned it, in that ye say, The table of the LORD [is] polluted; and the fruit thereof, [even] his meat, [is] contemptible.
    Malachi 2:2 "If ye will not hear, and if ye will not lay [it] to heart, to give glory unto my name, saith the LORD of hosts, I will even send a curse upon you, and I will curse your blessings<01293>: yea, I have cursed them already, because ye do not lay [it] to heart." See wages of unrighteousness and snare.
    Isaiah 8:14 And he shall be for a sanctuary; but for a stone of stumbling and for a rock of offence to both the houses of Israel, for a gin and for a snare to the inhabitants of Jerusalem. 15 And many among them shall stumble, and fall, and be broken, and be snared, and be taken.
    1 Peter 2:8 "And a stone of stumbling, and a rock of offence, [even to them] which stumble at the word, being disobedient: whereunto also they were appointed. 14 Having eyes full of adultery, and that cannot cease from sin; beguiling unstable souls: an heart they have exercised with covetous practices; cursed children:" (see merchandise)
  12. ↑ 3056 ~λόγος~ logos \@log’-os\@ from 3004; n m AV-word 218, saying 50, account 8, speech 8, Word (Christ) 7, thing 5, not tr 2, misc 32; 330
    1) of speech
    1a) a word, uttered by a living voice, embodies a conception or idea
    2) its use as respect to the MIND alone
    3) In John, denotes the essential Word of God, Jesus Christ, the personal wisdom and power in union with God, his minister in creation and government of the universe, the cause of all the world’s life both physical and ethical, which for the procurement of man’s salvation put on human nature in the person of Jesus the Messiah, the second person in the Godhead, and shone forth conspicuously from His words and deeds.
    • 4487 ρημα rhema can mean word or saying.
  13. ↑ The word generation or race seen in some translations of 1 Peter 2:9 is genos which is normally translated kind 5, kindred 3, offspring 3, nation 2, stock 2, born 2, diversity 1, misc. 3; 21 and is defined 1) kindred; 1a) offspring 1b) family; 1c) stock, tribe, nation; 1c1) i.e. nationality or descent from a particular people 1d) the aggregate of many individuals of the same nature, kind, sort
  14. ↑ Kingdom Taken
    Matthew 2:6 "And thou Bethlehem, [in] the land of Juda, art not the least among the princes of Juda: for out of thee shall come a Governor(2233), that shall rule my people Israel."
    Matthew 9:16  "No man putteth a piece of new cloth unto an old garment, for that which is put in to fill it up taketh from the garment, and the rent is made worse.  17  Neither do men put new wine into old bottles: else the bottles break, and the wine runneth out, and the bottles perish: but they put new wine into new bottles, and both are preserved." Jesus did not just reform the kingdom.
    Matthew 21:43 "Therefore say I unto you, The kingdom of God shall be taken from you, and given to a nation bringing forth the fruits thereof." Jesus would take it as priest and king.
    Luke 13:9 "And if it bear fruit, [well]: and if not, [then] after that thou shalt cut it down." The Corbans of the world were covetous practices
    John 19:15...19 "But they cried out, Away with [him], away with [him], crucify him. Pilate saith unto them, Shall I crucify your King? The chief priests answered, We have no king but Caesar." The kingdom taken by the words of their own mouth.
    John 15:4 "Abide in me, and I in you. As the branch cannot bear fruit of itself, except it abide in the vine; no more can ye, except ye abide in me." The people must seek The Way.
    John 15:8 "Herein is my Father glorified, that ye bear much fruit; so shall ye be my disciples."
    Luke 12:32 "Fear not, little flock; for it is your Father’s good pleasure to give you the kingdom."
    Luke 22:29 "And I appoint unto you a kingdom, as my Father hath appointed unto me;"
    Mark 15:26 And the superscription of his accusation was written over, THE KING OF THE JEWS."
    Acts 17:7 "Whom Jason hath received: and these all do contrary to the decrees of Caesar, saying that there is another king, one Jesus."
    1 Peter 2:9 "But ye [are] a chosen generation, a royal priesthood, an holy nation, a peculiar people; that ye should shew forth the praises of him who hath called you out of darkness into his marvellous light:"
    See Taking and Giving the Kingdom
  15. ↑ from Exodus 19:6 "And ye shall be unto me a kingdom of priests, and an holy nation. These [are] the words which thou shalt speak unto the children of Israel." The Hebrew has “a kingdom of priests,” as in Revelation 1:6
  16. ↑ 391 ~ἀναστροφή~ anastrophe \@an-as-trof-ay’\@ from 390; TDNT-7:715,1093; {See TDNT 752} n f AV-conversation 13; 13
    1) manner of life, conduct, behaviour, deportment
  17. ↑ 1984 ἐπισκοπή episkope [ep-is-kop-ay’] from The verb episkeptomai 1980 "to look upon in order to help or to benefit"; n f; TDNT-2:606,244; [{See TDNT 250 }] AV-visitation 2, bishoprick 1, office of a bishop 1; 4
    1) investigation, inspection, visitation
    1a) that act by which God looks into and searches out the ways, deeds character, of men, in order to adjudge them their lot accordingly, whether joyous or sad
    1b) oversight
    1b1) overseership, office, charge, the office of an elder
    1b2) the overseer or presiding officers of a Christian church
  18. ↑ 2937 ~κτίσις~ ktisis \@ktis’-is\@ from 2936 to fabricate or make; n f AV-creature 11, creation 6, building 1, ordinance 1; 19
    1) the act of founding, establishing, building etc
    1a) the act of creating, creation
    1b) creation i.e. thing created
    1b1) of individual things, beings, a creature, a creation
    1b1a) anything created
    1b1b) after a rabbinical usage (by which a man converted from idolatry to Judaism was called)
    1b1c) the sum or aggregate of things created
    1c) institution, ordinance</Ref> which is also translated creature 11 times
  19. ↑ 5242 ~ὑπερέχω~ huperecho \@hoop-er-ekh’-o\@ from 5228 and 2192; TDNT-8:523,1230; {See TDNT 814} v AV-higher 1, better 1, excellency 1, pass 1, supreme 1; 5
    1) to have or hold over one
    2) to stand out, rise above, overtop
    2a) to be above, be superior in rank, authority, power
    2a1) the prominent men, rulers
    2b) to excel, to be superior, better than, to surpass
  20. ↑ 2232 ἡγεμών hegemon [hayg-em-ohn’] from 2233; n m; AV-governor 19, ruler 2, prince 1; 22
    1) a leader of any kind, a guide, ruler, prefect, president, chief, general, commander, sovereign
    1a) a "legatus Caesaris," an officer administering a province in the name and with the authority of the Roman emperor
    1a1) the governor of a province
    1b) a procurator, an officer who was attached to a proconsul or a proprietor and had charge of the imperial revenues
    1b1) in causes relating to these revenues he administered justice. In the smaller provinces also, which were so to speak appendages of the greater, he discharged the functions of governor of the province; and such was the relation of the procurator of Judaea to the governor of Syria.
    1c) first, leading, chief
    1d) of a principal town as the capital of the region
    • Hegemony from a Greek term that translates “dominance over” and describes the relations between city-states.
    • A hegemon a political state having dominant influence or authority over others, hegemonic ideas.
    • Archon means "ruler" or "lord", In ancient Greece the chief magistrate in various Greek city states.
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