Monasticism

The term Monasticism was first applied to Christian groups but now is used to denote similar practices in religions such as Buddhism, Hinduism, Jainism, and Daoism. It may denote a variety of institutionalized religious practice or movements. Members or Monks (μοναχός m monachós) may attempt to live by a rule that requires works beyond the laity or the ordinary spiritual leaders of their religions. The Greek term καλόγερος in Koine Greek (kalógēros) is from καλός (kalós, “good”) +‎ γηρας (gēras, “old age”).

'Monasticism' is literally the act of 'dwelling alone' according to some. A monk is someone who has separated himself from what might be called the "world". Since he often lived in a community being alone did not mean he was not with others. These good old men had become a higher rank by years of service and often were intrusted with the teaching of new younger ministers. Monasteries became centers of learning, including libraries.

Even Buddhist monasticism formed communities or Sangha of ordained monks or bhikkhus (women were bhikkhunis similar to nuns). Gautama Buddha had formed such groups 2500 years ago. Bhikkhus and bhikkunis, like the Essenes expected to live with a minimum of possessions while they served the people. What they had and shared were to be voluntarily provided by the lay community who provided the daily food and shelter that bhikkhus required when they were needed.

The monastics in the traditions of Brahman-Hindu used Sanskrit did not use terms that meant “single” or “living alone”. Indic terminology for monk connote ideas of poverty, ecstatic states of mind. Because Pure Religion was about serving the needy of society by Freewill offerings only people with a servant heart, willing to sacrifice their own wealth and comfort, would be accepted as a Priest or Minister of the people.

The Levites of Israel called out by Moses from an organized society established around the Golden calf made themselves a separate society belonging to God. While they had areas that were separate from the general population they also served a purpose within the greater needs of society.

Being separate from the world has been a common theme and practice of religious orders from the beginning

But to be a separate religious society one must practice religion which requires service to the homes of the people.

The ascetic life stile is characterized by or suggesting the practice of severe self-discipline and abstention from all forms of indulgence, typically for religious reasons.

But to truly be an ascetic one must sacrifice their own comfort, wealth and social security for the benefit of others. We are all to love our neighbor as ourselves but the ascetic loves his neighbor more than him or herself.

The self imposed ascetic life style of deprivation or austere sacrifice without a religious purpose of fulfilling your duty to God and your fellowman is in essence vanity.

While a true monk does not lay up wealth his vow of poverty does not mean he may punish himself with sacrifice just for sacrifice sake. What he gives up must be for strengthen the poor in the hope that they be not poor in spirit but will also seek to give and forgive freely.

Monasticism had been structured, ordered and significant part of the Church life since before Christ. It had a local character in each community with its own customs, practices and collection of rules, which would change with time.

Benedict of Nursia was born around 480AD into a wealthy family and a world at war. Benedict did not invent the idea of monasticism as part of the Christianity. Benedict brought structure to monasticism and provided some stability if not uniformity.

Rules of St Benedict
http://www.osb.org/rb/text/toc.html#toc

Columbanus was an Irish missionary who founded a number of monasteries in Europe around 590 in the Frankish and Lombard kingdoms. The most notable was Luxeuil Abbey in present-day France and Bobbio Abbey[1] in present-day Italy.

Columbanus taught a Celtic monastic rule and Celtic penitential practices for those repenting of sins, which emphasized private confession to a priest, followed by penances levied by the priest.

Benedict of Aniane advanced the establishment and interpretation of those rules with the support of Charlemagne during the end of the 8th century. By 843 with the decline of the Caroglian Empire monasteries were often plundered driving the monks to become wandering groups of mendicants.

These rules have lasted for centuries in part because they survived the cleansing efforts of the inquisitions which also had the spirit of control.

The Cistercian order was founded when Robert, Abbot of Molesme, left the Benedictines with twenty fellow monks to found a monastery in Cîteaux, near Dijon in France in 1098.

The were reacting against the wealth and opulence of many Benedictine monasteries. They sought to restore monastic life to the original spirit. Th spread rapidly, and by the year 1200 had founded over 500 Cistercian houses in Western Europe.

The Cistercians followed the Rule of St Benedict more literally, placing a strong emphasis on simplicity, austerity and isolation.

Rules will not hold man's soul in check.

Rules are the tools of corruption.

Without virtue all fails.

Virtue thrives in the love of service.

In England there was a period called the ‘Dissolution of the Monasteries’. Henry VIII had become king in 1509. At that time there was nearly 900 religious houses in England and Wales consisting of abbeys, and smaller houses often called priories or nunneries with term friary used to describe the smallest of these religious houses.

Some were open and some were closed . The members of an open house worked with the local sick and poor in the local community. They also provided teachers for the young. Their practice of compassion and service for the welfare of the people often kept them poor and loved by the people. Closed religious houses were closed to all those outside of those who lived in that religious house and many were very wealthy.

There had been many factors that had contributed to the wealth and therefor the corruption of monasteries. There was a centralization of power with the rise of kings in the world. Those kings could take and take and take and could confiscate the wealth of families. This often caused families to pledge land to religious orders. Often at the same times members of their families would enter those orders to secure some interest in their property id not influence. Wherever there was a concentration of wealth corruption would fester.

The Church was established by Christ to be the social welfare of the people through faith hope and charity. Only people who loved one another could remain free souls under God. The covering of the Church comes from the service to the people by the free will offerings of the people which provides for the people fulfilling the duty to God and our fellowman. With out the practice of that in pure religion there is no covering for the Church

The 14th Century was a period of monastic decline with few willing to become a member of a religious community. It was the Black Death emptied most of the great monastic houses. In Norfolk 527 died out of less than 800 priests from the plague.

Many unqualified people were given positions of responsibility and many of the large religious houses had become very wealthy. This was due to the wool trade or other monastery activities that became lucrative.

Many senior monks found themselves having to devote their time to earthly business matters instead of to God. They should have flowed the businesses of the church back to the people according to the faith an wisdom of Peter in Acts_6.

Besides the health of the people, the care of the poor, the education o the young, the arbitration of disputes there was hospitality to the travelers. The hospitality an health care provide by the monks and nuns may have led to the high death toll but celibacy contributed to the low enrollment.

The same duties of monks past to the nunneries which were useful as inns for ladies on their travels. Had they worked together as married couples as God intended and the monks did years before this work could have been shared.

There was haphazard distribution of charity as the caliber of entry monks and nuns dropped an the purpose of the Church waned with ritual and rite taking precedent over purpose and principle. Many were the product of illegitimate children of the rich who need a place to put their bastard children.

Henry VIII had spent a great deal of this inheritance by the 1530. Some of the monasteries were the wealthy. Men like Thomas Cromwell falsely spread the idea that a great deal of their annual wealth went to the Vatican. Some that wealth certainly did go to the Vatican and with that churches influence all over Europe the Vatican could was made rich. But the greatest wealth was in the influence local controlled wealth could exercise over the political environment within each nation.

Wealthy and powerful men could win popular support of the people by donating to the open priories, nunneries and friars. But corruption of centuries under the influence of kings and not so noble Nobles had taken its toll on what should have been His Church.

Where is the spirit of Christ in the modern Church?

What minister will make himself poor to provide the benefaction of Christ?

If we look back at the history of the Church where is the history of repentance?

Before Henry Cardinal Wolsey and eventually Thomas Cromwell had shut down religious houses in England because they were no longer effective. Property had been confiscated and sold by the cardinal to provide for charitable purposes such as a school in Ipswich.

We can see an attempt at change in religious houses around 1535. Cromwell as vicegerent oversaw the running of the Church not merely from the top of the Church hierarchy but by the State through his Valor Ecclesiasticus. That power now corrupted the state because it could muffle and even control the Church through its centralized top down authority.

Should there have been a Church hierarchy or a king to take its place?

The highest in the Church should be the best servant of the church not a ruler. This means that the people must keep the church pure by their wise and benevolent offerings given to those they see serving the true needs of the people and serving to strengthen the poor.

When elders of families are slothful in their duty to God and their fellow man the kings and fathers of the earth will take power until the people "cry out" but "the LORD will not hear you in that day."

The protection of the Church is the virtue of Christ dwelling in the hearts and minds of the people.

You would think with top down authority of the state over the Church that the most corrupt abbeys would be rooted out first. But power corrupts and the reverse took place.

The Suppression of Religious Houses Act of 1535 stated that any monastery with an income of less than £200 a year, which was assessed by the Valor Ecclesiasticus), was to be dissolved. Their property would pass to the Crown.

The heads of the houses were to be offered a pension. Eventually many accepted these offers knowing that those who rebelled were summarily executed. Some 5000 monks, 1600 friars, and 2000 nuns, were given pensions. They often amounted to no more than 5 to 6 pounds per annum but it was better than nothing,

Many of the monks and friars who did the work of the Church were forced to enter larger religious houses. They could also choose to abandon their vows of poverty and loyalty to the leaders of their orders and go live in some other society but still keeping their vow of chastity.

Forty percent of the religious houses fell within this category of having little income. Most were closed but at least 60 or 70 were given royal permission by Henry to remain open if they would pay the king what often amounted to their entire year’s income. This meant an increase in revenue for the king from £13,500 to £15,500 per year and a devastation of the better part of the Church.

Those commissioned by the king set upon the small monasteries quickly so that valuable metal including gold, silver, bronze and lead could be taken by the government and melted down. Tenants were often removed if they did not swear allegiance to the king or were expected to have loyalty to the Church and the land was rented out.

Some locals would complain but the government was sure to auction off to the local population or allowed them to be looted with impunity. Many monasteries became dismantled ruins. The farther from London you went the more virtue you found in the people. In the North were one of the causes of the [Pilgrimage of Grace and the Lincolnshire Rising] along with the Bigod's Rebellion, some of the most serious Tudor rebellions.

But their efforts were doomed and they were indicted of high treason against the King, and that day condemned by a jury of knights and esquires for the same, whereupon they had sentence to be drawn, hanged and quartered, others were " hanged, bowelled and quartered, and their heads set on London Bridge and divers gates in London"

The people as a whole did not support their courage as they had to long been weakened by serfdom and servitude. If people are to be free the Church must always strive to give power and liberty to the people. The purpose of Christ was to aid everyman in becoming head of his house and priest to his family. The higher Liberty is the original right to choose the distribution of your time, labor and wealth.

The visitation of the kings ministers sought to rally support for the cause of robbing the Church,

The king sent "railers", who accused all religious households as "hypocrites, sorcerers, and idle drones, etc.".

Others jumped at the chance to be "preachers" against anything catholic claiming all monks "made the land unprofitable".

Then there were those who sought political appointments or avor who told the people that, "if the abbeys went down, the King would never want any taxes again".

Of course the reverse would be true. The consolidation of power and wealth led to further destruction of society's ability to stand against tyranny.

The Church was institute by Christ to provide social welfare for the people through love of one another. It was not a doctrinal store of religious philosophies or theologies. The Church was supposed to be the benefactors who did not exercise authority on over the other. They were to be a light of love in the world binding the people by that love of God and one another. They were not to exercise authority one over the other.

When they ushered in a monasticism that exercised authority to discipline the monks from the top down a different spirit entered into the Church. As that spirit of control an authority grew the Church became ruled by others who should have been the servants of servants. The service oriented institution Christ established became internally corrupt, the people became indifferent an the first tyrant to come along devoured what was left, killing the goo along with the evil.

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