TWOT
TWOT
THEOLOGICAL WORDBOOK OF THE OLD TESTAMENT (TWOT)
The Theological Wordbook of the Old Testament (TWOT) was edited by R. Laird Harris, Gleason L. Archer Jr., and Bruce K. Waltke. It is a collaborative work involving 46 evangelical scholars, but these three served as the primary editors.
The editorial work likely took place in the late 1970s, culminating in its 1980 release.
The Theological Wordbook of the Old Testament (TWOT) focuses on Hebrew and Aramaic words of theological significance in the Old Testament. It provides in-depth articles on approximately 1,400 key words, covering their biblical usage, etymology, cognate languages, synonyms, antonyms, and theological implications. Additionally, it includes brief definitions for all other Old Testament words found in the Brown-Driver-Briggs (BDB) Lexicon.
Designed for pastors, students, and scholars, TWOT emphasizes practical theological insight over technical linguistic detail. It is keyed to Strong’s Concordance for easy lookup and includes bibliographies for further study.
The Theological Wordbook of the Old Testament (TWOT) holds an evangelical theological perspective. The editors and contributors affirm a belief in the truth and authority of the Bible, emphasizing that "spiritual things are spiritually discerned" (1 Cor 2:14). This foundational conviction shapes the work, as it was written by forty evangelical scholars who approach Hebrew words primarily through biblical usage, while also considering etymology, cognate languages, and context.
Theological interpretations are grounded in a commitment to Scripture’s reliability, aiming to aid pastors and Christian workers in accurate biblical interpretation. ---
2075
- 07169 a primitive root; v; [BDB-902b] [{See TWOT on 2075 }]
- 07171 from 07169; n m; [BDB-903a] [{See TWOT on 2075 @@ "2075a" }]
2075
קֶרֶץ qerets (qaras) narrow, form.
Derivative
2075a
קֶרֶץ (qeres) a@ nipping, i.e. nipping or stinging insect (Jeremiah 46:20
See קֶרֶץ KufReishTzadik 07169 narrow, 07170 denounce, 07171 destruction nip.
This root refers to a pinching together. It is applied to eyes, lips, and clay. It occurs in Ug. (UT 19: nos. 2280, 2281) meaning “‘to bite,’’ and ‘‘to shape’’ (clay into an effigy). Note also, Akk. q/kardsu. Our root occurs six times.
In the Qal stem our root is associated with an ‘insidious malicious gesture’ (KD, Psalms, I, p. 427). *‘Winking”’ is not a felicitous translation (Psalms 35:19, et al.)[1] since it connotes merriment rather than hostility. Perhaps ‘‘narrow the eyes’’ would better represent a deceitful and malicious look. Hence, ‘‘he who narrows his eyes causes sorrow’ (Proverbs 10:10).[2] Further support comes from Prov 16:30 where the man of violence ‘‘shuts his eyes’ and ‘bars (gdras) his lips.’’ The apparent intent is to depict a harsh man whose eyes are closed to others’ troubles and who bars his lips in hard cruelty.
A totally different connotation occurs in Job 33:6[3] where the Ugaritic/Akkadian meaning ‘‘to shape clay’’ figuratively applies to the creation of mankind and, hence, to Job's own origin. This usage is found in the Dead Sea Hodayot in dependence on the Job passage (Gaster, T. H., The Dead Sea Scriptures, Doubleday, rev. ed. 1964, p. 183).
2141
2140 רָזֶה (rzit) Assumed root of the following. mesa. (marzéah) cry (Jeremiah 15:12; Amos 6:7). See 07329, 07330 רָזָה
2141 רָזַם (razam) wink,[4] flash (of eyes) Job 15:12. See 07335.[5]
2142 רָזַן razan(rdzan) be weighty, judicious, commanding (e.g. Judges 5:3; Habakkuk 1:10).
2142a רָזַן (razon) potentate (Proverbs 14:28). See 07336 רָזַן razan raw-zan’ a primitive root; v; [BDB-931a] {See TWOT on 2142 } AV-prince 5, ruler 1; 6
- 1) (Qal) to be weighty, be judicious, be commanding
TWOT 2141 refers to entry number 2141 in The Theological Wordbook of the Old Testament (TWOT), a reference work edited by R. Laird Harris, Gleason L. Archer, and Bruce K. Waltke. This entry corresponds to the Hebrew word קָטַל (qatal), a verb root meaning "to kill" or "to slay." It is used in various contexts throughout the Old Testament, including judicial execution, warfare, and sacrifice.
The entry provides exegetical and theological insights into the word’s usage, distinguishing it from other verbs for killing (e.g., harag, muth) and discussing its grammatical forms and theological implications.
Footnotes
- ↑ Psalms 35:19 Let not them that are mine enemies wrongfully rejoice over me: [neither] let them wink with the eye that hate me without a cause.
- ↑ Proverbs 10:9 He that walketh uprightly walketh surely: but he that perverteth his ways shall be known. 10 He that winketh with the eye causeth sorrow: but a prating fool shall fall.
- ↑ Job 33:6 Behold, I [am] according to thy wish in God s stead: I also am formed <07169> out of the clay.
- ↑ רָזַם appears a single time in the Hebrew canon, in Eliphaz’s second address to Job: “Why does your heart carry you away, and why do your eyes flash?” (Job 15:12). The speech rebukes Job’s attempts to justify himself before God. Eliphaz links the inner turmoil of Job’s heart with an outward gesture of the eyes—a forceful image portraying insolence or defiance that oversteps proper reverence for the Almighty.
Summary: רָזַם in Job 15:12 captures a moment where outward glance mirrors inward agitation. Though voiced by a misguided counselor, the verse stands as enduring instruction: unchecked emotion can overflow into subtle rebellion, yet true wisdom maintains reverent composure before God. - ↑ 07335 רָזַם razam raw-zam’ a primitive root; v; [BDB-931a] {See TWOT on 2141 } AV-wink 1; 1
- 1) (Qal) to wink, flash (of eyes)